Chapter 12

A store of the abstract speech sounds that make up known words

The process of matching a perceptual description of a word on to a stored memory description of that word

In lexical access, a large number of spoken words are initially considered as candidates but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates

The point at which the acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to only one known word

Not tied to one or more perceptual systems

The extent to which a word can evoke a concrete image; e.g. " table" is high on this measure but " truth" is low

An event-related component in EEG found when a word meaning appears out of context or unexpectedly

A type of noun denoting a unique entity such as people and place names e.g. " Donald Trump" or " Washington DC"

The problem of defining concepts without assuming some pre-existing knowledge

The idea that the body (its movement, or internal state) can be used in cognition (e.g. to understand words, or social situations)

A model of semantic memory that contains both amodal concepts and semantic features that are grounded in sensory, motor and bodily cortex

The hypothesis that semantic features are clustered in the brain according to what they are used for and what their physical properties are

A type of aphasia traditionally associated with damage to this area and associated with fluent but nonsensical speech, and poor comprehension

A type of aphasia traditionally associated with damage to this particular area and linked to symptoms such as agrammatism and articulatory deficits

The order and structure of the words within a sentence

Halting, " telegraphic" speech production that is devoid of function words (e.g. of, at, the, and), bound morphemes (e.g. -ing, -s) and often verbs

The process of assigning a syntactic structure to words

A sentence in which the early part biases a syntactic interpretation that turns out to be incorrect

An event-related brain potential (ERP) typically associated with the processing of grammatical anomalies

A stimulus seen previously will be identified faster on a subsequent occasion

In speech production, the selection of a word based on the meaning that one wishes to convey

The substitution of one word for another that is sometimes thought to reflect the hidden intentions of the speaker

A speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word

A speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words

Use of words or images without audible or physical speaking

A state in which a person knows, conceptually, the word that he or she wishes to say but is unable to retrieve the corresponding spoken form

Word-finding difficulties

A modality-independent word-level entry that specifies the syntactic components of the word

The phonological code that drives articulation

Difficulties in shaping the vocal tract

Impaired muscular contractions of the articulatory apparatus