Chapter 9 – Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1

According to Identity-Based Motivation theory, future selves are most likely to motivate behaviour when:

The goals associated with them are difficult and challenging

They are feared rather than desired

There is a “fit” between the future self and one’s current identity and context

They are set in the distant future to allow time for preparation

Question 2

What is the function of a subgoal for the achievement of a final goal?

A subgoal provides feedback about progress toward the final goal.

A subgoal provides more immediate motivation than does the final goal.

Subgoals are alternatives to the final goal.

Both a and b

Question 3

Mindset theory of action involves

Goal selection + planning for how to achieve the goal

Goal selection only

Planning for how to achieve the goal only

Determining whether the goal can be achieved

Question 4

The association of a goal with positive emotional feelings leads to __________ behaviour and the association with negative emotional feelings leads to __________ behaviour.

Approach—approach

Avoidance—avoidance

Avoidance—approach

Approach—avoidance

Question 5

In Lench et al.’s (2016) experiment, participants who had a positive valence associated with the word “relative” judged that working for a relative would be:

Less likely but more rewarding

More pleasant and more likely to occur

More challenging but worth pursuing

Equally as likely as those with a negative valence

Question 6

Goal contagion refers to:

Setting goals based on fear of negative outcomes

The process of modifying goals after receiving negative feedback

Adopting goals we observe others pursuing, often without awareness

The tendency to abandon goals when they become too difficult

Question 7

Educational goals can include a high school diploma, a trades degree, or a university degree. These educational goals from high school to trade/university refer to what goal characteristic?

Goal specificity

Goal valence

Goal level

Goal efficacy

Question 8

When do people avoid risks and when do people seek risks? People avoid risks for __________

Gains/gains

Losses/losses

Losses/gains

Gains/losses

Question 9

Which of the following best describes “goal shielding”?

Abandoning unattainable goals in order to pursue more realistic ones

Using emotion regulation to suppress negative feelings during goal pursuit

Weighing goal-consistent options against competing temptations with immediate rewards

Breaking complex goals into smaller, more manageable subgoals