Evidence Based Practice - Athletic Training Exam Review

Question 001

The PICOT format can be used to construct a clinical question. The acronym ?PICOT? stands for which of the following?

Plan, Implementation, Clinical hypothesis, Outcome(s), Type of interest

Patient population, Intervention of interest, Comparison intervention or issue of interest, Outcome(s) of interests, Time of interest

Purpose, Implementation, Clientele, Outcome(s), Time of study

Patient population, Intervention of interest on issue, Outcome(s) of interest, Type of study

None of the above

Question 002

All of the following are considered ?Descriptive Study Designs? except:

Case reports

Case series

Time series

Cross-sectional studies

Retrospective reports

Question 003

All of the following are databases commonly used by health care professionals except:

Google Scholar

Cochrane Database

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)

Medline

Jeffline

Question 004

Controlled vocabulary searching utilizes which of the following?

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Keywords

A Boolean operator

A Mapping feature

None of the above

Question 005

Data are classified as all of the following except:

Nominal

Ordinal

Dependent

Interval

Ratio

Question 006

A variable that is measured by an investigator is known as:

An independent variable

A dependent variable

A hypothesis

A null variable

None of the above

Question 007

A statement made by an investigator indicating his or her expectations about the differences or relationships among variables being investigated is known as:

A predictable hypothesis

A null hypothesis

A research hypothesis

A differential hypothesis

A descriptive hypothesis

Question 008

Data that are continuous and primarily cluster around a central value, such as the mean, is known as what?

Skewness

Quantitative data

Bell curve

Normal distribution

Homogeneity of variance

Question 009

Researchers use a threshold value, known as ___, to determine if the results of a study are significant.

Q value

A beta level

Confidence interval

Standard deviation

Significance level

Question 010

A Type I error is made during a research project when:

A researcher makes an incorrect decision to REJECT the Null Hypothesis when it is actually true.

A researcher makes an incorrect decision to ACCEPT the Null Hypothesis.

A researcher makes an incorrect decision to REJECT the Research Hypothesis when it is actually true.

A researcher makes an incorrect decision to ACCEPT the Research Hypothesis.

Question 011

What type of participant sampling allows for every person in the population of interest to have an equal chance of being chosen?

Cluster sampling

Systematic random sampling

Random sampling

Proportional stratified sampling

Convenience sampling

Question 012

A blinding process is put into place by a researcher to eliminate which of the following from a study?

An interval validity threat

An external validity threat

Attrition

Bias

Violated assumptions of a statistical test

Question 013

Which of the following defines ?Critical Appraisal??

The critical evaluation of a research article that rates the quality of evidence based on the research design of the study

The process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness as well as its value and relevance in a particular context

The process by which a clinician offers an opinion whether literature supports a particular research study

A peer-review process that assures a study is valid

A peer-review process that assures a study is reliable

Question 014

The variable that will be measured by the Boolean operator during a study is called:

A dependent variable

An independent variable

A quantitative variable

An outcome variable

None of the above

Question 015

An internal validity threat can include which of the following, jeopardizing a researcher?s ability to draw an accurate conclusion?

Treatments, procedures, or participant experience

Participant history and maturation

Participant maturation and attrition

Experimental procedures and error rate

None of the above

Question 016

Confidence intervals commonly range from _______ to _______.

10% to 50%

85% to 99%

75% to 100%

0.05% to 0.25%

80% to 100%

Question 017

The consistency of a specific measurement is known as:

Strata

Validity

Predictive validity

An interval

Reliability

Question 018

The validity of a clinical diagnostic test is measured through mathematical equations that compare it to which of the following?

An error rate

Exclusion criteria

A reference or ?gold standard? finding

A functional outcome

The null hypothesis

Question 019

Which are the 2 most commonly utilized scales for examining evidence?

The adjectival and binary response scales

An original and nominal scale

The Cronbach?s alpha and weighted Kappa statistic

The JADAD and appraisal scales

The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) Scale and the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT)

Question 020

When there is a negative clinical diagnostic finding but a positive reference standard finding, the result is known as a:

False negative finding

False positive finding

True negative finding

True positive finding

None of the above

Question 021

When there is a positive clinical diagnostic finding and a positive reference standard finding, the result is known as a:

False negative finding

False positive finding

True negative finding

True positive finding

None of the above

Question 022

Percent accuracy of a clinical diagnostic test can be derived by which of the following formulas?

True positive finding + true negative finding ? total number of patients ? 100

True positive finding + false negative finding ? total number of patients ? 100

False positive finding + true negative finding ? total number of patients ? 100

False positive finding + false negative finding ? total number of patients ? 100

None of the above

Question 023

Prevalence is defined as:

The observation of a participant or group of participants over multiple time instances

The number of cases of a condition existing in a given population at any one time

The odds or probability that a patient has a condition based on clinical presentation before a diagnostic test is conducted

Pretest odds times likelihood ratio

None of the above

Question 024

A feature in which a database will automatically attempt to match a keyword entered in the search box to a MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) term that already exists is known as:

Filtering

Mapping

Truncating

Matching

Pairing

Question 025

When the subject or characteristic fits into only one category, it is known as being:

Incidental

Nominal

Singular

Mutually exclusive

Mutually inclusive

Question 026

Which of the following is a disablement model that utilizes a biopsychosocial perspective of disability?

The Nexus Disablement Model

The Ottawa Disablement Model

NAGI Disablement Model

Patient-Centered Outcome Model

Integrated Disablement Model

Question 027

A letter rating system assigned to a body of evidence by examination of a group of articles relating to the same topic is known as:

A grade of recommendations

Numeric assignment

Strength of recommendation taxonomy

A level of evidence

None of the above

Question 028

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used response scale for a patient-rated outcome (PRO) instrument?

Binary response scale

Visual analog scale

Adjectival scale

Likert response scale

Criterion-based response scale

Question 029

Which of the following is NOT a patient-rated outcome (PRO) instrument?

Short Form 12

Disablement in the Physically Active Scale

Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory

Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System

Question 030

An incidence rate (also known as injury rate) can be defined by which of the following equations?

Number of New Injuries ? Total Exposure Time

Number of Total Injuries ? Total Number of Participants

Total Number of Participants ? Total Exposure Time

Number of Total Injuries ? Number of Participants in the Control Group

Number of Participants in the Treatment Group ? Total Exposure Time

Question 031

The midpoint in which 50% of the values fall on either side of the value is known as the:

Mode

Mean

Standard deviation

Confidence interval

Median

Question 032

An ?Alpha Value,? which is a significance level assigned by the researcher to represent a threshold at which the results will be declared significant or not, is typically which of the following?

1

0.05

10

0.25

0.75

Question 033

What are the 3 main types of clinical prediction rules used in health care?

Preventative, prognostic, and therapeutic

Prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic

Interventional, prognostic, and diagnostic

Suggestive, diagnostic, and therapeutic

Preventive, evaluative, and interventional

Question 034

A 1- to 2-page summary that focuses on appraising a single research study to help determine if the reported results are valid, reliable, and clinically applicable is called what?

Summary of best evidence

Summary of key evidence (SKE)

Clinical bottom line (CBL)

Critically appraised paper (CAP)

None of the above

Question 035

The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, the Modified Oswestry, and Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) are all considered which of the following?

Disease-oriented outcome instruments

Specific patient-reported outcome instruments

Condition-oriented outcome instruments

Functional ability instruments

None of the above

Question 036

An aggregate of legal medical records from multiple entitles (ie, an AT, MD, Sports Psychologist, etc) is known as which of the following?

Electronic health record (EHR)

Patient flow chart

Electronic medical record (EMR)

Athletic health record

None of the above

Question 037

All of the following are basic components of an electronic medical record (EMR) except:

Clinical documentation

Data storage

Clinical messaging between providers and patients

Results reporting for clinical tests

Patient satisfaction surveys

Question 038

A level I validation of a Clinical Prediction Rule (CPR) study is described by which of the following?

It can be used in a variety of settings with confidence that it improves outcomes

The CPR can be used with confidence in one setting only

The CPR should be used with caution and only in settings similar to those used in the study

The CPR should not be used until further validation occurs

None of the above

Question 039

An 11-item scale that was developed by physiotherapists to rate the methodological quality of randomized controlled trials is known as a _______ scale?

Quorum scale

Consort scale

PRISMA scale

PEDro scale

STARD scale

Question 040

A Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) is an appraisal tool that is used to synthesize numerous research articles that review the same general topic of interest. Most CATs include all of the following sections except:

Clinical scenario

Focused clinical question

Strength of recommendation

Summary of best evidence

Opinion of application

Question 041

What is the first step in the use of evidence-based practice?

Searching the medical literature

Appraising published studies

Developing an answerable clinical question

Integrating the evidence into clinical practice

Evaluating the EBP process and patient outcomes

Question 042

The ?5 S? model of health care research evidence provides a strategy to search within an organized model of evidence-based information that is more relevant to point of fare application. Which of the following is NOT a level of the ?5 S? model?

Systems

Standards

Summaries

Synopses

Syntheses

Question 043

A systematic review in which the data from the included studies are pooled for additional analyses and a summary estimate of effect is known as a:

Clinical practice guideline

Meta-analysis

Critical appraisal checklist

Cross-sectional study

Evidence hierarchy

Question 044

All of the following are critical appraisal checklists except:

CONSORT

STROBE

STARD

PRISMA

ELK

Question 045

EBP in athletic training does all of the following except:

Ensures higher reimbursement for athletic training treatments

Ensures a scientific foundation for athletic training practice

Improves critical thinking

May elevate the athletic training profession in the medical community

Can lead to the development of best practice guidelines

Question 046

Detailed searches of a body of literature may be assigned a Strength of Recommendation (SOR) represented by a grade depending on the quality, quantity, and consistency of the included studies. All of the following are accepted SOR Grades except:

A

B

C

D

E

Question 047

A collection of data on a single patient is known as a:

Case report

Case series

Cohort study

Clinical report

Singular study

Question 048

Clinical questions can be categorized into which of the following types of questions?

Alpha and beta

Background and foreground

Simple and complex

Singular and multi-factorial

Ying and yang

Question 049

Foreground questions are developed by using the _______ Format:

SROBE

STRAND

CAT

PICOT

CAP

Question 050

A variable that is manipulated by a researcher is known as a(n)?

Alternative variable

Variable of interest

Comparative variable

Dependent variable

Independent variable