Quizzes - BPS Core Textbooks Series

Chapter 1 – Quiz

What was the central claim of phrenology?

That all mental illness could be cured through head massage

That character and mental functions could be determined by skull shape

That dreams reflected unconscious conflict

That phrenological tools could treat depression

None

Which concept best describes the simplification of complex mental phenomena into physical measurements?

Humanism

Structuralism

Reductionism

Functionalism

None

Who was responsible for popularising and moralising phrenology after studying under Gall?

Franz Joseph Gall

Cesare Lombroso

Johann Spurzheim

William James

None

What does the term 'organology' refer to in phrenological theory?

That the brain has separate organs responsible for specific faculties

That the heart was the seat of emotion

That skull size correlated to overall intelligence only

That spiritual qualities were measurable through blood

None

Why did phrenology lose scientific credibility by the 1870s?

It was too difficult for the public to understand

It was inconsistent and lacked empirical validation

It contradicted Romantic ideals

It was challenged by feminist theorists of the time

None

Which figure linked phrenology to feminist concerns and was the first American woman to earn a medical degree?

George Combe

Lorenzo Fowler

Lydia Folger Fowler

Johann Spurzheim

None

How does phrenology exemplify disciplinary power?

By offering religious explanations for behaviour

By using measurement to normalise populations

By prioritising inner reflection

By undermining scientific authority

None

What is a major ontological assumption made by phrenology?

That personality was influenced by diet alone

That free will overrides biology

That the mind is made up of measurable biological parts

That consciousness is entirely socially constructed

None

Which of the following best reflects an epistemological flaw in phrenology?

It relied on spiritual guidance

It was opposed by Enlightenment thinkers

It lacked standardisation and was based on confirmation bias

It was popular only among the elite

None

10.

What aspect of phrenology allowed it to feel scientific despite its flaws?

Its connection to religious belief

It mimicked scientific methods and used technical language

It provided humour and entertainment

Its association with theatre and spectacle

None

11.

What broader 19th-century movement did phrenology align with in promoting order and reform?

Romanticism

Utilitarianism

The social reform movement

Moral treatment

None

12.

Which modern psychological practice can be seen as echoing the reductionism of phrenology?

Behaviourist reinforcement schedules

Freudian dream interpretation

Neuroimaging-based therapy

Psychometric personality testing

None

13.

Phrenology was primarily concerned with treating mental illness using therapeutic techniques.

True

False

None

14.

Reductionism in psychology refers to explaining complex phenomena using simpler, often biological, elements.

True

False

None

15.

George Combe was a central figure in American phrenology who sold phrenological busts.

True

False

None

16.

Phrenology was frequently used to justify racist and sexist ideologies.

True

False

None

17.

Phrenology's decline was due to its inability to provide consistent, empirical evidence.

True

False

None

18.

The legacy of phrenology is completely absent from modern psychological practices.

True

False

None

19.

Phrenology claimed that the shape of the _ could reveal mental traits.

20.

The concept of _ refers to explaining complex human experiences by breaking them down into simpler parts.

21.

Lydia Folger Fowler was a key figure in popularising phrenology among _ audiences.

22.

Phrenologists believed each mental faculty was located in a specific region of the _.

23.

Michel Foucault's concept of _ describes how scientific knowledge can be used to regulate and control populations.

24.

The Fowler brothers helped turn phrenology into a commercial enterprise in _.

Time’s up

Chapter 2 – Quiz

Which concept refers to the scientific study of human psychology using methods from the natural sciences?

Reductionism

Empiricism

Naturalism

Natural selection

None

Who proposed an effect that suggested that learned behaviours could influence evolutionary outcomes?

Charles Darwin

James Mark Baldwin

Francis Galton

John Dewey

None

What was the main contribution of Francis Galton to the development of psychology?

He founded behaviourism

He developed psychoanalysis

He developed psychometrics

He wrote ‘The Crowd’

None

What does the naturalistic fallacy involve?

It defines all traits as innate

It rejects scientific neutrality

It prioritises subjective truth

It equates nature with morality

None

Which psychologist is associated with the early use of comparative psychology in animals and humans?

Francis Galton

Margaret Floy Washburn

Herbert Spencer

William James

None

What is the main idea behind functionalism in psychology?

Mental processes are innate

Mental illness results from evolution

Mental processes serve adaptive purposes

Cognition is unrelated to survival

None

Which theory falsely claimed that individual development recapitulates species evolution?

Epigenetics

Developmental delay theory

Evolutionary stability

Recapitulation theory

None

Why is eugenics considered a misuse of evolutionary theory?

It advanced gender equality

It justified inequality through biology

It was based on cross-cultural research

It was strictly genetic

None

Which psychologist is credited with developing a rule to avoid anthropomorphising animal behaviour?

Francis Galton

James Mark Baldwin

C. Lloyd Morgan

G. Stanley Hall

None

10.

How did early female psychologists like Hollingworth and Woolley respond to gender biases in evolutionary psychology?

They supported recapitulation theory

They avoided biological debates

They conducted studies disproving biological inferiority

They ignored Darwinian theory

None

11.

What was a central claim of Social Darwinism?

Socialism

The fittest individuals dominate society

Eugenics is a scientific method

Altruism is a form of weakness

None

12.

Which term best describes the idea that psychological traits evolved to solve ancestral survival problems?

Comparative psychology

Sociobiology

Evolutionary psychology

Pragmatism

None

13.

The Baldwin Effect suggests that learned behaviours can shape evolutionary outcomes.

True

False

None

14.

Naturalism assumes that human psychology is fundamentally different from the natural world.

True

False

None

15.

Francis Galton developed the concept of psychometrics and used it to promote eugenics.

True

False

None

16.

Comparative psychology assumes a fundamental discontinuity between humans and animals.

True

False

None

17.

Leta Stetter Hollingworth's research supported claims of natural female inferiority.

True

False

None

18.

Recapitulation theory proposed that child development mirrors evolutionary history.

True

False

None

19.

The __________ Effect describes how learning can influence evolution by shaping who survives and reproduces.

20.

__________ psychology compares animal and human behaviour to understand their evolutionary continuity.

21.

The __________ fallacy occurs when people confuse what is natural with what is morally right.

22.

__________ developed psychometrics and applied it to study heredity and intelligence.

23.

__________ theory wrongly proposed that a child's development retraces the species' evolutionary history.

24.

__________ argued that mental processes serve adaptive functions for survival.

Time’s up

Chapter 3 – Quiz

Who is credited with founding the field of criminal anthropology?

Frances Kellor

Cesare Lombroso

Charles Goring

Alice Stebbins Wells

None

What term describes the belief that certain individuals are evolutionary throwbacks?

Empiricism

Essentialism

Atavism

Positivism

None

Frances Kellor' approach implies that criminality should be understood as:

A natural kind

An inherited defect

A psychiatric disorder

A human kind

None

Which philosopher's idea distinguishes between 'natural kinds' and 'human kinds'?

Cesare Lombroso

Ian Hacking

Charles Darwin

Frances Kellor

None

What feature did Lombroso claim was evidence of a criminal nature?

Eye colour

Body weight

Facial asymmetry

Height

None

What scientific philosophy underpinned Lombroso's method?

Phenomenology

Constructivism

Positivism

Hermeneutics

None

Which literary character reflects degeneration fears linked to criminality?

Dr Watson

Oliver Twist

Sherlock Holmes

Mr Hyde

None

What was Charles Goring's key critique of Lombroso?

He supported Lombroso’s biological claims

He found no consistent physical differences in criminals

He introduced degeneration theory

He claimed criminals had superior intelligence

None

Kellor's work highlighted the role of ______ in criminal classification of women.

Intellectual ability

Criminal history

Gender expectations

Physical disability

None

10.

What key assumption did criminal anthropology make about criminality?

It was shaped by peer influence

It was caused by educational failure

It was a learned behaviour

It was biologically inherited and measurable

None

11.

What does 'empiricism' mean in the context of this chapter?

Knowledge based on tradition

Knowledge based on observation and measurement

Knowledge based on authority

Knowledge based on intuition

None

12.

What question does the chapter suggest we should ask about categories like 'criminal'?

How can we punish criminals effectively?

What motivates criminal minds?

Are we discovering criminality or creating it?

Can all crime be explained biologically?

None

13.

Cesare Lombroso believed that criminality was biologically inherited.

True

False

None

14.

Frances Kellor agreed with Lombroso's theory of atavism.

True

False

None

15.

Degeneration theory suggested that evolution always led to improvement.

True

False

None

16.

Criminal anthropology aimed to identify criminals using physical measurements.

True

False

None

17.

The concept of 'natural kinds' implies that categories like criminality are fixed and biological.

True

False

None

18.

Charles Goring's statistical research supported Lombroso's claims.

True

False

None

19.

Cesare Lombroso argued that criminals were born with biological _.

20.

Frances Kellor believed that criminality was shaped by the _ environment.

21.

Lombroso's theory of _ suggested criminals were evolutionary throwbacks.

22.

Criminal anthropology relied on the philosophy of _ to justify its methods.

23.

The distinction between natural kinds and _ kinds helps us understand classification systems.

24.

Charles Goring found no _ differences between criminals and non-criminals.

Time’s up

Chapter 4 – Quiz

Who introduced the concept of the 'looping effect' in psychology?

Michel Foucault

Sigmund Freud

Ian Hacking

Havelock Ellis

None

Which of the following best defines 'sex' as used in this chapter?

A psychological identity

A biological classification

A legal status

A spiritual experience

None

What does Foucault mean by the term 'scientia sexualis'?

Ancient erotic tradition

Artistic representation of sex

Western scientific study of sex

Spiritual understanding of desire

None

Which figure is best known for classifying sexual 'perversions' in the 19th century?

Albert Moll

Magnus Hirschfeld

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Marie Stopes

None

How did Havelock Ellis differ from Krafft-Ebing?

He promoted state censorship

He viewed all sexual desire as deviant

He argued sexuality was natural and fluid

He denied homosexuality existed

None

What role did 'My Secret Life' play in the history of sexuality?

It denied the existence of deviance

It was a scientific manual

It contributed to the discourse on sexuality

It was an erotic novel only

None

What is the 'looping effect'?

Sexual identity is fixed

Scientific categories are neutral

Classifications change behaviour

Only deviance is classified

None

What does 'ars erotica' focus on?

Scientific taxonomy

Medical correction

Pleasure and experience

Surveillance

None

Which of these was NOT typically associated with biopower?

Medical classification

Legal categorisation

Erotic poetry

Psychiatric diagnosis

None

10.

Which female figure focused on women's sexual pleasure and contraception?

Ida Craddock

Marie Stopes

Sarah Bernhardt

George Sand

None

11.

How does the concept of 'making up people' relate to psychology?

People resist all labels

Sexuality is purely natural

Scientific categories create identities

Categories are neutral

None

12.

Which tradition is most associated with spiritual and artistic expressions of sexuality?

Scientia sexualis

Ars erotica

Psychopathia sexualis

Sexology

None

13.

Foucault believed that sexuality was repressed and silenced in the 19th century.

True

False

None

14.

Ian Hacking's 'looping effect' shows that people can change in response to the categories used to describe them.

True

False

None

15.

Sex and sexuality mean the same thing in psychological discourse.

True

False

None

16.

The term 'nymphomania' was historically used to pathologise female sexual desire.

True

False

None

17.

Marie Stopes opposed contraception and believed sex should only occur within marriage.

True

False

None

18.

'Ars erotica' focuses on the classification and correction of deviant sexual behaviour.

True

False

None

19.

The term _ was used in the 19th century to describe women's supposedly excessive sexual desire.

20.

Ian Hacking's concept of the _ effect explains how people change in response to classification.

21.

Foucault used the term _ sexualis to describe Western scientific discourses about sex.

22.

The erotic tradition known as _ erotica focuses on pleasure, experience, and spiritual unity.

23.

Marie Stopes' book _ Love broke taboos by discussing contraception and female pleasure.

24.

Magnus _ was an early advocate for LGBTQ+ rights and founded the Institute for Sexual Science.

Time’s up

Chapter 5 – Quiz

What did Jean-Martin Charcot believe was the cause of hysteria?

Repressed trauma

Genetic inheritance

Neurological dysfunction

Moral corruption

None

Who was the patient known as 'Anna O.'?

Blanche Wittmann

Bertha Pappenheim

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Sabina Spielrein

None

What was the 'rest cure' primarily designed to treat?

Depression in men

Hallucinations and seizures

Female nervous exhaustion and hysteria

Childhood trauma

None

Which physician used public demonstrations to showcase hypnotised hysterics?

Sigmund Freud

Hippolyte Bernheim

Jean-Martin Charcot

Josef Breuer

None

Freud's method of 'free association' marked a shift from:

Symbolic to scientific approaches

Theoretical to empirical methods

Visual to verbal approaches

Epistemological to ontological assumptions

None

What is mimesis in the context of hysteria?

Repressed thoughts from childhood

The imitation of societal constraints through bodily symptoms

Deliberate deception of doctors

Simple mimicry of disease

None

Who developed the first vibrator as a medical device for hysteria?

Wilhelm Griesinger

Silas Weir Mitchell

Joseph Mortimer Granville

Isaac Baker Brown

None

What did Hippolyte Bernheim believe about hypnosis and suggestion?

Only hysterics could be hypnotised

Hypnosis had no scientific validity

Suggestion was central to understanding hysteria

Hypnosis cured hysteria permanently

None

What cultural binary often influenced the diagnosis of hysteria in the 19th century?

Good vs. evil

Truth vs. lies

Angel vs. devil

Mind vs. body

None

10.

In The Yellow Wallpaper, what critique does Gilman make of medical treatment?

Hypnosis was ineffective

The rest cure was too effective

Women rejected intellectual activity

Women were silenced by medical authority

None

11.

Why was Isaac Baker Brown expelled from the Obstetrical Society of London?

His hypnosis techniques

His use of clitoridectomy

His seduction theory

His fraud conviction

None

12.

What does the abandonment of Freud's seduction theory signify?

His rejection of hypnosis

A shift from observation to belief

A conflict between acknowledging abuse and maintaining psychoanalytic theory

It resolved the controversy of hysteria

None

13.

Jean-Martin Charcot believed that hysteria was caused by unconscious desires.

True

False

None

14.

Freud's early seduction theory proposed that hysteria was linked to real childhood sexual trauma.

True

False

None

15.

Mimesis refers to the surgical treatment of hysteria using clitoridectomy.

True

False

None

16.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman criticised the rest cure through her writing.

True

False

None

17.

Hippolyte Bernheim argued that everyone could be hypnotised to some extent.

True

False

None

18.

The angel-devil binary influenced the way female patients were categorised in 19th-century medical diagnosis.

True

False

None

19.

Jean-Martin Charcot used hypnosis and public demonstrations at the _ Hospital to study hysteria.

20.

The term _ was coined by Anna O. to describe the therapeutic process of verbalising repressed emotions.

21.

_ believed that hysteria was shaped by suggestion rather than neurological damage.

22.

Freud's early _ theory argued that childhood sexual trauma could lead to hysterical symptoms.

23.

In 19th-century culture, women were often categorised as either angelic or _, influencing their diagnosis.

24.

_ refers to the imitation of social constraints through bodily symptoms, central to this chapter's critical thinking tool.

Time’s up

Chapter 6 – Quiz

Which psychologist pioneered the method of introspection to study consciousness?

Francis Galton

Gustav Fechner

Wilhelm Wundt

Edward Titchener

None

What is the term for the belief that psychological traits are inherently quantifiable, even without proof?

Experimental method

The metaphysics of measurement

Epistemological assumption

Normalisation

None

Who established the Anthropometric Laboratory in 1884 to collect data on physical and mental attributes?

Wilhelm Wundt

James McKeen Cattell

Francis Galton

Edward Titchener

None

Fechner's psychophysics aimed to relate physical stimuli to:

Cognitive judgments

Emotional states

Mental sensations

Reflex behaviours

None

Which concept did Michel Foucault develop to describe how norms become internalised in society?

Quantification

Normalisation

Measurement bias

Reductionism

None

What does the Hawthorne effect refer to?

Errors in introspective reporting

Changes in behaviour due to being observed

Power imbalances in labs

Statistical anomalies in data

None

What was Galton's belief about intelligence?

It could only be studied through introspection

It was a cultural construct

It was hereditary and could be measured

It was unmeasurable

None

Wundt's 'völkerpsychologie' focused on:

Reaction time

Individual differences

Cultural and collective mental life

Statistical norms

None

Which statistic fascinated Galton and underpinned his view of human variation?

The mean absolute deviation

The t-test

The normal distribution

The z-score

None

10.

Which key individual argued that introspection should always be included in psychological experiments?

James Cattell

Francis Galton

Charles Myers

Edward Titchener

None

11.

According to Joel Michell, what did Fechner assume rather than prove?

That introspection was valid

That physical stimuli could be manipulated

That psychological magnitudes were truly quantitative

That experiments required replication

None

12.

What did Galton's 'beauty map' illustrate about psychological measurement?

The success of early psychometrics

The evolution of laboratory methods

The influence of cultural bias in data collection

The benefits of introspection

None

13.

Wundt believed that individual differences were more important than universal structures of consciousness.

True

False

None

14.

Galton coined the statistical concepts of correlation and regression.

True

False

None

15.

Fechner's psychophysical law is universally applicable to all sensory experiences.

True

False

None

16.

Galton's laboratory required participants to pay a fee to take part in experiments.

True

False

None

17.

The experimental method in psychology eliminates all forms of subjectivity.

True

False

None

18.

Joel Michell argued that psychological traits are quantitatively structured and suitable for measurement.

True

False

None

19.

Wundt used trained observers to report their experiences through _.

20.

Francis Galton founded the _ Laboratory to collect data on physical and mental traits.

21.

The _ curve was central to Galton's statistical view of human variation.

22.

Fechner's law proposed that sensation increases in proportion to the _ of the stimulus intensity.

23.

The idea that psychological traits are measurable reflects a _ assumption, not a proven fact.

24.

Foucault's concept of _ describes how norms are produced and enforced in society.

Time’s up

Chapter 7 – Quiz

What is the concept of 'situated knowledge' most closely associated with?

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis

Donna Haraway’s feminist theory

Cyril Burt’s IQ theory

None

Which of the following best describes the function of the psychological clinic in the early 20th century?

A space for introspective experimentation

A place for experimental control and measurement

A space for interpretation and moral guidance

None

What was the primary purpose of the Torres Straits expedition in 1898?

To convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity

To test experimental psychology in a cross-cultural context

To collect anthropological artefacts

None

Which psychologist applied psychological testing to industrial work efficiency?

Sigmund Freud

Hugo Münsterberg

W.H.R. Rivers

None

Which key individual is associated with the development of intelligence testing in schools?

Alfred Binet

Lewis Terman

Cyril Burt

None

What kind of power does the psychologist exert in a clinical setting, according to Foucault?

Biopower

Pastoral power

Disciplinary power

None

How did early psychological laboratories typically define the subject being studied?

Deeply personal narratives

Universal and decontextualised subjects

Emotionally dysregulated patients

None

What does 'biopower' refer to in the context of psychology?

Therapeutic intervention

The governance of life through classification

Technological enhancement of memory

None

How was psychology used in factory settings according to the chapter?

To diagnose psychological disorders

To increase productivity and reduce error

To explore psychoanalytic models of work

None

10.

Which concept explains why psychological knowledge differs depending on context?

Biopower

Situated knowledge

Epistemology

None

11.

What was one limitation revealed by the Torres Straits expedition?

Its success in proving universal mental processes

The inapplicability of lab methods in non-Western contexts

The discovery of subconscious universal images

None

12.

Why is this chapter particularly relevant to social psychology?

Because it focuses on biological brain structures

Because it connects knowledge to social context and institutional power

Because it helps replicate classic experiments

None

13.

Situated knowledge suggests that psychological truth is the same across all social and institutional settings.

True

False

None

14.

W.H.R. Rivers' Torres Straits expedition demonstrated the difficulty of applying laboratory methods in the field.

True

False

None

15.

Hugo Münsterberg used psychological testing to improve therapeutic treatment of patients in clinical settings.

True

False

None

16.

In early psychological clinics, methods were focused on interpretation and guiding individuals toward socially accepted norms.

True

False

None

17.

Cyril Burt's application of intelligence testing contributed to the stratification of educational opportunities in Britain.

True

False

None

18.

The chapter connects the historical development of psychology with contemporary social psychology.

True

False

None

19.

Donna Haraway's concept of _ knowledge challenges the assumption that science is objective and universal.

20.

The 1898 expedition to the _ Straits highlighted the limits of transferring laboratory psychology to the field.

21.

In industrial settings, Hugo _ used psychology to match workers to tasks and improve efficiency.

22.

In the clinic, psychological knowledge was often produced through _ and narrative rather than experiment.

23.

Cyril _ helped institutionalise intelligence testing in British schools, reinforcing educational hierarchies.

24.

In the school setting, psychological testing contributed to the sorting of children into educational _.

Time’s up

Chapter 8 – Quiz

Which metaphor did William James use to represent the fluid nature of thought?

Iceberg

Battlefield

Stream

Stage

None

According to the chapter, what role does metaphor play in psychology?

It adds beauty to writing

It simplifies theories

It is a communication aid

It shapes how knowledge is produced

None

What Freudian concept is illustrated by the 'Dream of Irma's Injection'?

Free association

Castration anxiety

Oedipus complex

The royal road to the unconscious

None

What does the 'iceberg model' in Freud's theory represent?

Childhood memories

The vast unconscious beneath conscious awareness

Dream mechanisms

Mental illness

None

Which metaphor did Karen Horney reject in her critique of Freud?

Fluidity

Growth

Stream of thought

Penis envy

None

Leta Hollingworth critiqued the 'variability hypothesis' by introducing which metaphor?

Mental instability

Hysteria

Continuity and potential

Neurosis

None

Freud's theory of repression uses metaphors drawn from which domain?

Botany

Hydraulics and energy

Evolution

Education

None

How did Horney describe neurosis?

A disease of the will

A battle of instincts

A biological breakdown

A distorted response to unmet relational needs

None

Which metaphor best characterises Hollingworth's framing of menstruation?

Impairment

Limitation

Repression

Rhythm

None

10.

Freud's metaphors often portrayed the psyche as:

Enlightened

Transparent

A fortress under siege

A moral compass

None

11.

According to the chapter, what is the danger of unexamined metaphor in psychology?

They are too poetic

They confuse students

They are difficult to translate

They shape assumptions and exclusions

None

12.

What is the chapter's Critical Thinking Tool?

Measurement

Rationalism

Metaphor

Reductionism

None

13.

William James believed that consciousness could be broken down into discrete elements.

True

False

None

14.

Freud's iceberg metaphor suggests that the unconscious mind is larger and more influential than the conscious.

True

False

None

15.

Karen Horney agreed with Freud's metaphor of penis envy and expanded it in her work.

True

False

None

16.

Leta Hollingworth demonstrated that female intellectual ability fluctuated wildly due to hormonal cycles.

True

False

None

17.

The chapter argues that metaphor in psychology is politically neutral.

True

False

None

18.

Freud described dreams as the 'royal road to the unconscious.'

True

False

None

19.

William James described consciousness as a stream of _.

20.

Freud referred to dreams as the royal _ to the unconscious.

21.

Karen Horney developed the metaphor of the false _ to describe socially shaped identity distortions.

22.

Leta Hollingworth discredited the variability _ as a myth used to marginalise women.

23.

Freud's model of the psyche included the id, ego, and _.

24.

In this chapter, _ is presented as the critical thinking tool.

Time’s up

Chapter 9 – Quiz

What is meant by 'reification' in the context of intelligence?

Using IQ tests in schools

Treating an abstract concept as if it were a measurable thing

Defining a concept using statistics

Comparing test scores across cultures

None

Who developed the BITCH-100 intelligence test?

Charles Spearman

Francis Galton

Robert L. Williams

Howard Gardner

None

Which psychologist introduced the concept of general intelligence (g)?

Charles Spearman

Alfred Binet

James Flynn

Howard Gardner

None

What does the Flynn Effect refer to?

The development of IQ tests

The rise in average IQ scores over time

The decline in cognitive scores globally

A sudden drop in test reliability

None

Which metaphor did Ken Richardson propose to replace 'mental power'?

Mental power

Mental strength

Social distance

Psychological distance

None

What concept suggests that intelligence is defined by the way it is measured?

Psychometrics

Factor analysis

Quantification

Operationalism

None

Which of the following is NOT a category that competed with intelligence around 1900?

Instinct

Morality

Intellect

Reason

None

What was the purpose of the 11+ exam in the UK?

To promote equal access to education

To reduce pressure on teachers

To determine secondary school placement based on intelligence

To identify learning disabilities only

None

Which psychologist argued against reducing intelligence to a single number?

William Stern

Alfred Binet

Charles Spearman

Cyril Burt

None

10.

What was a key outcome of the BITCH-100 test when administered?

IQ tests were culturally neutral

IQ tests showed stable intelligence across groups

African American participants outperformed white participants

It confirmed IQ as a reliable metric

None

11.

Which theory posits that intelligence includes forms like musical and spatial intelligence?

General intelligence theory

Cognitive load theory

Hierarchical learning theory

Multiple intelligences theory

None

12.

What is the main argument of this chapter?

IQ tests are reliable and valid indicators of ability

Intelligence is a constructed category that served institutional needs

Testing provides objective insights into mental capacity

Psychology discovered intelligence as a natural kind

None

13.

The BITCH-100 was designed to objectively measure intelligence in African American communities.

True

False

None

14.

The Flynn Effect supports the idea that intelligence is biologically fixed.

True

False

None

15.

Operationalism suggests that a concept is only meaningful if it can be measured.

True

False

None

16.

Francis Galton used the term 'IQ' to describe hereditary genius.

True

False

None

17.

Intelligence testing has been used historically to justify immigration and military selection policies.

True

False

None

18.

Psychometrics has definitively established that intelligence is a quantitative trait.

True

False

None

19.

The theory of _______ intelligences argues that human intellectual ability is diverse and culturally shaped.

20.

The _______ Effect describes a significant rise in IQ scores over the 20th century.

21.

The 11+ exam in the UK is a clear example of how psychological measurement can reinforce _______ structures.

22.

IQ tests often use tasks that visually or functionally _______ the skills they aim to measure.

23.

The term '_______ genius' was coined by Galton to describe inherited mental ability.

24.

Ken Richardson proposed that test performance may reflect _______ distance rather than innate cognitive capacity.

Time’s up

Chapter 10 – Quiz

What is the main idea behind Haraway's concept of 'companion species'?

Animals can be fully understood through behaviourist frameworks.

Animals are idealised metaphors in psychological theory.

Animals are co-constitutive partners in human knowledge and culture.

Animals must be removed from social contexts to be studied scientifically.

None

Which event disrupted Pavlov's experiments and revealed the fragility of conditioned responses?

A power outage during a key experiment.

The 1924 flood in Pavlov’s laboratory.

World War I evacuations.

A disease outbreak among the animals.

None

Which concept describes mutual understanding and shared meaning between humans and animals?

Conditioned reflex

Natural selection

Intersubjectivity

Objectivity

None

What was Clever Hans actually responding to during his performances?

Mathematical logic.

Conditioned training.

Mirror self-recognition.

Subtle human cues from his handlers.

None

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of behaviourist approaches highlighted in the chapter?

They treat animals as mechanistic objects.

They rely too heavily on genetic explanations.

They ignore emotional and relational dynamics.

They underplay the individuality of animal subjects.

None

What insight did Barbara Smuts bring to the study of animals?

That objective distance produces the best data.

That empathy and mutuality are essential for interspecies understanding.

That animal minds are entirely unknowable.

That laboratory control is the key to psychological truth.

None

How did Harlow's monkeys contribute to a new understanding of attachment?

They refused all surrogate mothers entirely.

They only bonded with human researchers.

They preferred soft surrogate mothers over wire ones that provided food.

They were trained to solve puzzles for rewards.

None

Which term refers to the process by which researchers shape the outcomes of their own studies?

Reductionism

Reflexivity

Naturalism

Behaviourism

None

Why is Alex the parrot significant in psychology?

He could mimic human facial expressions.

He was trained using Pavlovian conditioning.

He showed evidence of symbolic communication and emotional awareness.

He was the first bird to use tools.

None

10.

What does 'animal agency' mean in the context of this chapter?

That animals always obey conditioned stimuli.

That animals are metaphorical stand-ins for human behaviour.

That animals can resist, adapt to, or shape experiments.

That animals lack consciousness.

None

11.

Which critical thinking tool helps us understand how experiments reflect specific cultural contexts?

Reductionism

Categorisation

Situated knowledge

Natural kinds

None

12.

What lesson does the story of Peter the dolphin illustrate?

That dolphins lack the capacity for human language.

That emotional closeness can blur ethical and scientific boundaries.

That LSD has strong effects on marine mammals.

That dolphin research is methodologically simple.

None

13.

Pavlov's dogs were conditioned using bells in all his major experiments.

True

False

None

14.

The concept of 'companion species' challenges the idea that animals are passive tools in psychological research.

True

False

None

15.

Barbara Smuts believed that objectivity requires emotional distance from animal subjects.

True

False

None

16.

The story of Clever Hans highlights the importance of controlling for subtle human cues in experiments with animals.

True

False

None

17.

In this chapter, 'situated knowledge' refers to the universality of scientific truth across contexts.

True

False

None

18.

Harlow's research on rhesus monkeys revealed the importance of comfort and attachment in early development.

True

False

None

19.

Barbara Smuts emphasised the importance of _ in her approach to studying animals.

20.

The concept of _ knowledge suggests that all knowledge is shaped by specific contexts and perspectives.

21.

In Pavlov's lab, the term he used was not 'conditioned' reflex but _ reflex.

22.

The chimpanzee _ was known for learning over 250 signs in American Sign Language.

23.

The African Grey parrot named _ could identify colours, shapes, and even appeared to express emotion.

24.

Echo the elephant demonstrated intergenerational memory and emotional depth through her role as _ of her herd.

Time’s up

Chapter 11 – Quiz

What did John B. Watson argue psychology should study?

Unconscious desires

Observable behaviour

Free will

Mental imagery

None

Which concept is central to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning?

Habituation

Insight learning

Reinforcement

Imprinting

None

What was one of the main challenges John Garcia's research posed to behaviourism?

Reinforcement always works better than punishment

Children learn language through imitation

Learning could occur after a single trial and with delayed reinforcement

Behaviours are always innate

None

Which of the following is a key component of Kuhn's theory of science?

Replication crisis

Paradigm shift

Null hypothesis

Classical conditioning

None

Why was the 'Little Albert' experiment criticised?

It focused only on rats

It lacked ethical safeguards and methodological rigour

It was based on dream analysis

It used untested statistical methods

None

What does the term 'black box' refer to in behaviourist psychology?

A computer model of consciousness

An emotional trauma container

The internal mind being irrelevant to scientific analysis

A system of punishment protocols

None

Which of the following best represents an example of normal science in behaviourism?

Freud’s analysis of dreams

Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement schedules

Piaget’s stages of development

Garcia’s taste aversion experiments

None

Which principle did Garcia's work challenge most directly?

Punishment

Equipotentiality

Shaping

Delayed gratification

None

What does 'operationalism' mean in the context of behaviourist methodology?

Assuming all behaviour is biologically determined

Describing how humans perceive space

Defining psychological concepts through measurable procedures

Measuring intelligence through IQ tests

None

10.

Which of the following is a key feature of a scientific paradigm according to Thomas Kuhn?

Public acceptance of a theory

Shared assumptions and research practices within a discipline

Use of advanced technology

Large-scale government funding

None

11.

What critical concept did Foucault contribute to our understanding of behaviourism?

Cognitive dissonance

Disciplinary power

Selective attention

Self-actualisation

None

12.

Why did behaviourism ultimately decline as the dominant psychological paradigm?

It lacked experimental data

It was rejected by philosophers

It could not account for internal cognitive processes

It was based on introspection

None

13.

John B. Watson believed that introspection was a valid method for studying psychology.

True

False

None

14.

Behaviourism assumes that all behaviour is shaped by reinforcement and punishment.

True

False

None

15.

John Garcia's research was widely celebrated by behaviourists at the time of its publication.

True

False

None

16.

According to Kuhn, a paradigm shift occurs when a new theory solves all the problems of the previous paradigm.

True

False

None

17.

Foucault's concept of disciplinary power helps explain how behaviourist techniques were used in institutions to shape behaviour.

True

False

None

18.

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours shaped by consequences.

True

False

None

19.

John ______ is known for his work on conditioned taste aversion, which challenged behaviourist assumptions.

20.

In behaviourism, a ______ is a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.

21.

Thomas Kuhn described scientific progress as occurring through ______ shifts, rather than gradual accumulation.

22.

B.F. Skinner developed the theory of ______ conditioning, which involves shaping voluntary behaviour.

23.

The concept of ______ power, introduced by Foucault, helps us understand behaviourism's role in institutions.

24.

Behaviourism assumes that all learning follows the principle of ______, meaning all associations are equally possible.

Time’s up

Chapter 12 – Quiz

What does the concept of biopower primarily explain in the context of psychology?

How to improve therapy outcomes

The governance of populations through psychological and biological classification

The philosophical basis of free will

Individual personality development

None

Who coined the term 'eugenics'?

Sigmund Freud

Charles Spearman

Francis Galton

Lewis Terman

None

Which law institutionalised the classification of 'mental defectives' in Britain?

Education Act (1944)

Mental Health Act (1959)

Mental Deficiency Act (1913)

Lunacy Act (1845)

None

What is the general intelligence factor developed by Charles Spearman commonly known as?

‘p’

‘q’

‘g’

‘IQ’

None

Which psychologist led Sweden's racial biology institute and supported sterilisation policies?

Karl Pearson

Herman Lundborg

Francis Galton

Lewis Terman

None

What did Leta Hollingworth argue about intelligence testing?

That IQ tests should only be used for children

That intelligence could not be measured at all

That social context shaped test results

That only men should be tested for IQ

None

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court uphold compulsory sterilisation?

Brown v. Board of Education

Roe v. Wade

Buck v. Bell

Miranda v. Arizona

None

What does the term 'psychometrics' refer to?

Diagnosis of mental illness

Measurement of mental traits and abilities

Psychoanalysis and dream interpretation

Use of therapy to improve wellbeing

None

What concept describes the idea that most people fall within an average range of intelligence?

Psychological resilience

Mental illness

Statistical norms

Personality types

None

10.

Which psychological tool was most often used to support immigration restriction and school placement?

Dream analysis

Intelligence testing

Astrological typing

Moral reasoning assessments

None

11.

Which group was disproportionately affected by eugenic sterilisation in the United States?

European immigrants

African American women

Wealthy white men

Infants and toddlers

None

12.

What is a central ethical critique of the eugenics movement in psychology?

Its reliance on religious doctrine

Its use of unscientific methods

Its complicity in systems of power and exclusion

Its failure to develop standardised tests

None

13.

Biopower describes how modern states govern through the management of life and populations.

True

False

None

14.

The eugenics movement was mostly rejected by mainstream psychologists in the early 20th century.

True

False

None

15.

IQ tests were historically used to support policies of immigration restriction and school segregation.

True

False

None

16.

Leta Hollingworth argued that intelligence was purely hereditary and fixed.

True

False

None

17.

The Buck v. Bell case involved a challenge to compulsory sterilisation in the United Kingdom.

True

False

None

18.

Herman Lundborg's research targeted Sweden's Sami and Finnish minorities for eugenic classification.

True

False

None

19.

The concept of ________ helps explain how psychology was used to regulate life and manage populations.

20.

Francis Galton's 1869 book was titled Hereditary ________.

21.

The 1913 Mental Deficiency Act allowed for the ________ of people classified as feebleminded or morally defective.

22.

The general intelligence factor introduced by Charles Spearman is known as ________.

23.

Leta Hollingworth argued that environmental ________ played a major role in shaping intelligence outcomes.

24.

The Supreme Court case Buck v. ________ upheld forced sterilisation policies in the United States.

Time’s up

Chapter 13 – Quiz

Who first coined the term 'shell shock' during the First World War?

W.H.R. Rivers

Charles Myers

Sigmund Freud

Lewis Yealland

None

What does the term 'psychosomatic protest' refer to?

A protest movement during WWI

The body’s expression of psychological suffering when emotional protest is not possible

The military’s response to trauma

A type of neurological disorder unrelated to trauma

None

Which doctor is known for treating shell shock patients with electric shock therapy?

Charles Myers

W.H.R. Rivers

Lewis Yealland

Arthur Hurst

None

What concept refers to psychological harm caused by violating one's moral beliefs?

Hysteria

Moral injury

PTSD

Psychosomatic protest

None

Where did W.H.R. Rivers treat officers such as Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon?

Seale Hayne Hospital

Bethlem Royal Hospital

Craiglockhart War Hospital

The National Hospital for Neurology

None

What power dynamic is associated with empathy and therapeutic guidance?

Disciplinary power

Pastoral power

Sovereign power

Political power

None

What was a common physical symptom of shell shock in ordinary soldiers?

Insomnia and paranoia

Paralysis and tremors

Euphoria and hyperactivity

Auditory hallucinations

None

Which psychological theory did William McDougall develop?

Behaviourism

Instinct theory

Cognitive dissonance

Moral reasoning theory

None

What form of warfare characterised the First World War and contributed to psychological trauma?

Guerilla warfare

Aerial warfare

Trench warfare

Naval warfare

None

10.

Which war poet wrote 'Dulce et Decorum Est'?

Isaac Rosenberg

Wilfred Owen

Siegfried Sassoon

Rupert Brooke

None

11.

What kind of power did Michel Foucault associate with coercive, corrective treatment of the body?

Pastoral power

Charismatic power

Disciplinary power

Therapeutic power

None

12.

Why was Private Harry Farr executed during the First World War?

Attacking a fellow soldier

Refusing to return to the front despite suffering from shell shock

Espionage

Deserting to enemy lines

None

13.

Shell shock was first described and named in 1915 by Charles Myers.

True

False

None

14.

All soldiers diagnosed with shell shock received compassionate psychological treatment.

True

False

None

15.

W.H.R. Rivers was known for using electric shock therapy to treat soldiers.

True

False

None

16.

Psychosomatic protest describes physical symptoms that express unspoken psychological distress.

True

False

None

17.

Shell shock was often dismissed as cowardice by military authorities during WWI.

True

False

None

18.

The symptoms of shell shock were identical for officers and ordinary soldiers.

True

False

None

19.

The concept of __________ protest describes how the body expresses psychological suffering through physical symptoms.

20.

__________ power, as theorised by Michel Foucault, involves coercion and bodily discipline.

21.

W.H.R. Rivers treated war poets like Wilfred Owen at __________ War Hospital.

22.

Private Harry Farr was executed for refusing to return to the __________ during the First World War.

23.

Shell shock was initially thought to result from physical __________ injuries caused by exploding shells.

24.

The poem 'Dulce et Decorum Est' was written by war poet Wilfred __________.

Time’s up

Chapter 14 – Quiz

Who is considered one of the founders of industrial psychology and developed tests for trolley drivers?

Frederick Taylor

Hugo Münsterberg

Lillian Gilbreth

Kurt Lewin

None

What concept describes how individuals internalise scientific categories to shape their behaviour and identity?

Subjective introspection

Behavioural conditioning

Technologies of the self

Social learning

None

Time-motion studies were developed primarily to:

Analyse emotional responses in the workplace

Optimise efficiency by breaking down tasks into measurable units

Test general intelligence

Monitor worker satisfaction

None

Which psychologist integrated domestic labour into her scientific management theories?

Mary Calkins

Elton Mayo

Lillian Gilbreth

Charlotte Bühler

None

What is the main goal of psychotechnics in industrial settings?

Train managers in human resources

Apply psychological methods to improve work conditions and selection

Analyse unconscious motives

Develop educational curricula

None

Which theory of management prioritised control, measurement, and efficiency?

Human Relations Theory

Cognitive Load Theory

Scientific Management

Job Enrichment Theory

None

In what way was industrial psychology mimetic?

It copied intelligence tests from education

It mirrored industrial tasks in its test designs and evaluations

It relied on theatrical performance models

It drew inspiration from religious rituals

None

Kurt Lewin contributed to industrial psychology primarily through his work on:

Time-motion analysis

Psychoanalysis and dreams

Group dynamics and worker motivation

Neuropsychological testing

None

Foucault's idea of subjectification explains how:

Organisations impose rigid discipline

Individuals internalise norms and govern themselves

Social groups create informal sanctions

Genetic factors determine personality

None

10.

Behavioural science in the workplace was often used to:

Diagnose clinical disorders

Support early childhood education

Shape and control worker behaviour

Predict consumer preferences

None

11.

Which term refers to designing work environments around human capabilities?

Operant conditioning

Human engineering

Social facilitation

Cognitive scaffolding

None

12.

How did industrial psychology reinforce power structures in the workplace?

By eliminating social hierarchies

By categorising and ranking workers according to psychological traits

By supporting union-led reforms

By encouraging worker-led evaluations

None

13.

Industrial psychology emerged primarily to support the needs of workers and unions.

True

False

None

14.

Lillian Gilbreth applied psychological principles to both factory work and domestic tasks.

True

False

None

15.

Psychotechnics was primarily concerned with introspection and psychoanalysis.

True

False

None

16.

Münsterberg designed psychological tests that mimicked the tasks of industrial roles.

True

False

None

17.

Foucault's concept of 'technologies of the self' refers to how individuals govern themselves through internalised norms.

True

False

None

18.

Scientific management sought to make labour more creative and autonomous.

True

False

None

19.

The term _ refers to how individuals internalise norms and shape their own behaviour.

20.

Time-motion studies were pioneered by Frank and _ Gilbreth.

21.

Münsterberg's psychological tests were designed to _ the real demands of industrial tasks.

22.

_ management focused on maximising output through standardisation and control.

23.

Psychotechnics applied _ psychology to practical problems in the workplace.

24.

Foucault's concept of _ of the self refers to how people become subjects of psychological knowledge.

Time’s up

Chapter 15 – Quiz

Which concept describes the culturally dominant model of selfhood in a given historical era?

Entrepreneurial self

Modal self

Big Five

Virtuous character

None

According to Warren Susman, what characterises the shift from the character ideal to the personality ideal?

Biological inheritance

Emphasis on charm and self-presentation

Learned optimism

Trait stability

None

Which psychological model emphasised fixed, stable traits and statistical classification?

Humanistic theory

Trait theory

Gestalt psychology

Existential therapy

None

What defines the 'entrepreneurial self' in the context of neoliberal personality psychology?

Biological essentialism

Moral development

Self-management and adaptability

Empathy training

None

Which psychological approach is most associated with the Moral Self?

Behaviourism

Characterology

Cognitive psychology

Psychoanalysis

None

What does 'liquid modernity' imply about the self?

Fixed character types

Constant change and adaptation

Moral stability

Rational agency

None

Which thinker is most associated with the popularisation of Emotional Intelligence?

Martin Seligman

Robert McCrae

Daniel Goleman

Hans Eysenck

None

Which era saw the rise of psychometric testing for workforce classification?

19th century

Mid-20th century

Post-1980s

Early 2000s

None

The Big Five model includes which of the following traits?

Punctuality

Conscientiousness

Motivation

Courage

None

10.

Which form of power was dominant during the era of the Moral Self?

Disciplinary power

Pastoral power

Biopower

Empowerment

None

11.

Positive Psychology is most closely linked to which contemporary concern?

Testing and measurement

Intelligence testing

Resilience and well-being

Productivity

None

12.

Which term best captures the self as continuously improving and self-managed?

Resilience

Self-optimisation

Self-regulation

Flourishing

None

13.

The concept of the modal self suggests that psychological ideals are constant across history.

True

False

None

14.

Positive Psychology encourages individuals to take responsibility for their own happiness and success.

True

False

None

15.

Trait theory focuses on the fluid and contextual nature of identity.

True

False

None

16.

The 'anchored self' refers to a morally grounded, 19th-century conception of the self.

True

False

None

17.

Daniel Goleman developed the concept of Emotional Intelligence as a response to industrial psychology.

True

False

None

18.

The Big Five model of personality traits is often used to help individuals manage their careers and social presentation.

True

False

None

19.

The ______ self is a concept developed by Warren Susman to describe historically dominant models of personhood.

20.

In neoliberal contexts, individuals are encouraged to constantly ______ themselves to remain competitive.

21.

Martin Seligman's work in Positive Psychology focuses on ______ and human flourishing.

22.

The Big Five traits include Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and ______.

23.

The term ______ modernity, coined by Zygmunt Bauman, refers to the instability and fluidity of contemporary identity.

24.

The concept of ______ power, developed by Foucault, refers to the shaping of individuals through care, guidance, and moral discipline.

Time’s up

Chapter 16 – Quiz

Who was the analysand known as 'Dora' in Freud's early case studies?

Bertha Pappenheim

Ida Bauer

Lou Andreas-Salomé

Anna Freud

None

Which psychoanalyst proposed the concept of 'womanliness as masquerade'?

Melanie Klein

Joan Rivière

Julia Kristeva

Karen Horney

None

What does the Critical Thinking Tool 'The Voice of the Other' encourage students to consider?

The symbolic order

Object relations theory

Listening to marginalised voices

Biological determinism

None

What term did Julia Kristeva develop to describe the human reaction to a breakdown in meaning caused by the loss of the distinction between subject and object?

The unconscious

The abject

The mirror stage

The superego

None

Which psychoanalyst developed theories of infantile phantasy and maternal ambivalence?

Anna Freud

Julia Kristeva

Melanie Klein

Karen Horney

None

What was Sabina Spielrein's contribution to psychoanalytic theory?

Dream analysis

Destruction and creation

Repression and latency

Womanliness as masquerade

None

What critique did Karen Horney offer to Freudian theory?

The Oedipal complex

Infantile sexuality

Cultural construction of gender roles

Penis envy

None

How does the chapter characterise the relationship between analyst and analysand?

Mutual and equal

Asymmetrical and interpretive

Co-created equally

Completely symmetrical

None

Why is Bertha Pappenheim historically significant in psychoanalysis?

She edited Freud’s work

She was Anna O. and a feminist reformer

She was Freud’s secretary

She resisted analysis

None

10.

What is one key ontological issue discussed in the chapter?

The stable ego

The fragmented self

The coherent subject

The rational mind

None

11.

How does the concept of 'The Other' relate to psychoanalysis?

It supports therapeutic neutrality

It highlights marginalisation in psychoanalytic discourse

It explains the transference

It identifies universal truths

None

12.

What does the feminist critique suggest about the objectivity of psychoanalytic theory?

It supports the analyst’s neutrality

It reveals power and gender bias

It affirms clinical precision

It neutralises gender bias

None

13.

Sabina Spielrein developed the theory of 'womanliness as masquerade'.

True

False

None

14.

The concept of the 'abject' was developed by Julia Kristeva.

True

False

None

15.

Melanie Klein focused on the phallic stage of development in Freudian terms.

True

False

None

16.

Anna Freud was primarily known for her work in child psychoanalysis and ego psychology.

True

False

None

17.

In psychoanalysis, the term 'Other' refers exclusively to male figures of authority.

True

False

None

18.

Jacqueline Rose is associated with poststructuralist feminist critiques of psychoanalysis.

True

False

None

19.

Sabina Spielrein proposed a theory of the ___ instinct before Freud.

20.

The case of Dora highlights the issue of interpretive ___ in psychoanalysis.

21.

Melanie Klein introduced the concept of infantile ___ in understanding development.

22.

Julia Kristeva's notion of the ___ explores the boundaries of the self and the other.

23.

The term 'womanliness as ___' was coined by Joan Rivière.

24.

In psychoanalysis, the term 'the Other' is often associated with the concept of ___ identity.

Time’s up

Chapter 17 – Quiz

What does the concept of reification refer to in psychology?

Reducing data to descriptive statistics

Treating abstract concepts as real, measurable things

Interpreting significance levels in large datasets

Using psychological traits to predict behaviour

None

Which statistician developed the technique of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?

Francis Galton

Ronald Fisher

Karl Pearson

William Gosset

None

Joel Michell's critique of psychological measurement argues that:

Measurement in psychology has always been rigorous

Psychological attributes often lack the necessary quantitative structure

Only physical attributes can be measured quantitatively

Statistics should replace all introspective methods

None

The normal distribution curve was first applied to human traits by:

Wilhelm Wundt and James Cattell

Adolphe Quetelet and Francis Galton

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung

Charles Spearman and Lewis Terman

None

What was S.S. Stevens' key contribution to psychological measurement?

Created the first personality test

Invented the normal distribution curve

Redefined measurement as assigning numbers according to rules

Discovered the correlation coefficient

None

Which statistical method identifies underlying variables or 'factors' in data?

Regression analysis

Factor analysis

Chi-square testing

Standard deviation analysis

None

What is the main purpose of inferential statistics?

Summarise central tendencies in datasets

Draw conclusions about populations from sample data

Compare variances within group data

Measure subjective experiences directly

None

What is a common misuse of p-values in psychological research?

Using large samples to avoid random effects

Assuming a low p-value proves a theory true

Ensuring all experiments are replicable

Applying correction factors to improve power

None

Operationalism allows psychologists to:

Prove the truth of psychological theories

Define a concept by how it is measured

Avoid philosophical debate in science

Demonstrate reliability through statistical consistency

None

10.

Biopower, in the context of psychology, refers to:

The enforcement of ethical standards by research bodies

The statistical regulation and control of populations

The use of diagnostics in individual treatment

The ability to diagnose based on visible symptoms

None

11.

What kind of power does IQ testing exemplify, according to Foucault?

Sovereign power

Disciplinary power

Pastoral power

Charismatic power

None

12.

What is a core concern about the reification of constructs like 'self-esteem'?

They provide clear, culturally neutral assessments

They may be perceived as fixed properties rather than interpretative tools

They simplify data collection in large-scale studies

They reflect stable biological differences between individuals

None

13.

Reification refers to treating abstract psychological constructs as if they are concrete and measurable.

True

False

None

14.

Ronald Fisher invented the concept of the p-value while developing IQ tests.

True

False

None

15.

S.S. Stevens redefined measurement to include any rule-based assignment of numbers.

True

False

None

16.

Joel Michell supported the operationalist definition of psychological measurement.

True

False

None

17.

The normal distribution curve was first applied to human traits by Wilhelm Wundt.

True

False

None

18.

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to uncover latent variables in psychological data.

True

False

None

19.

Joel Michell criticised psychology for lacking a proven _ structure underlying its constructs.

20.

The normal distribution curve was first applied to human populations by _.

21.

S.S. Stevens proposed that measurement is the assignment of numerals to objects according to _.

22.

ANOVA stands for Analysis of _.

23.

The statistical method used to identify latent variables from observed data is called _ analysis.

24.

A major risk of psychological measurement is the _ of constructs, treating them as if they are real.

Time’s up

Chapter 18 – Quiz

Who administered the lie detector test that influenced the decision in the Joseph Rappaport case?

William Marston

Leonarde Keeler

John Larson

August Vollmer

None

What physiological measures are typically recorded by a polygraph?

EEG, eye movement, pupil dilation

Blood pressure, respiration, skin response

Blood glucose, sweat glands, lung capacity

Voice pitch, skin temperature, reflexes

None

Which critical thinking tool is used in this chapter to analyse the lie detector?

Experimental design

Discourse analysis

Behavioural observation

Statistical modelling

None

What concept refers to culturally recurring metaphors and narratives in discourse?

Subject positions

Interpretative repertoires

Discursive devices

Symbolic resources

None

What is meant by the term 'ideological dilemma'?

A form of bias in scientific measurement

A naturalised contradiction in discourse

A conflict between psychologists and police

A type of emotional regulation

None

How did William Marston view the lie detector?

As a lie-detection tool for law enforcement

As a tool for emotional truth and therapy

As a commercial product for profit

As a cognitive behavioural tool

None

Which form of power is associated with visual display and drama?

Disciplinary power

Spectacular power

Pastoral power

Institutional power

None

What role did the polygraph play in changing conceptions of criminality?

It confirmed Lombroso’s theory of the ‘born criminal’

It framed deception as a universal and measurable internal trait

It refocused policing on physical brutality

It emphasised group criminal behaviour

None

Which historical figure used lie detection as a form of public spectacle?

John Larson

Leonarde Keeler

Sigmund Freud

William Sheldon

None

10.

What does the term 'subject position' refer to in discourse analysis?

A person’s psychological diagnosis

The socially constructed role within a discourse

An individual’s learning style

The legal status of a defendant

None

11.

Which comic book character embodies the mythic power of the lie detector?

Batgirl

Wonder Woman

Lois Lane

Catwoman

None

12.

What term describes the belief that a machine can produce neutral, unbiased knowledge?

Operationalism

Mechanical objectivity

Empirical validity

Behavioural consistency

None

13.

The polygraph was originally developed as a tool for therapy, not law enforcement.

True

False

None

14.

Leonarde Keeler trained psychologists to use the lie detector primarily in academic research settings.

True

False

None

15.

Discourse analysis focuses on language, symbols, and power in shaping psychological knowledge.

True

False

None

16.

Joseph Rappaport was granted a full pardon after a lie detector test found him innocent.

True

False

None

17.

Mechanical objectivity assumes that machines can produce unbiased knowledge without human intervention.

True

False

None

18.

Wonder Woman's lasso of truth was inspired by the scientific scepticism surrounding the polygraph.

True

False

None

19.

The lie detector was a key tool in the development of ______ policing in the early 20th century.

20.

William Moulton Marston believed that the polygraph could help reveal ______ truths in romantic relationships.

21.

In discourse analysis, an ______ dilemma is a contradiction that appears natural or common sense.

22.

Leonarde Keeler transformed the polygraph into a cultural ______ through media and spectacle.

23.

Subject positions in the lie detector discourse included the expert, the suspect, and the ______.

24.

John Larson, unlike Keeler, was concerned about the ethical and ______ implications of lie detection.

Time’s up

Chapter 19 – Quiz

What was the purpose of Arnold Gesell's photographic dome?

To stimulate motor development in children

To observe and film infant development under controlled conditions

To allow children to sleep in a monitored environment

To measure children’s language development through mirrors

None

What does the concept of 'tools-to-theories' suggest?

That theories are best tested through multiple tools

That tools shape the psychological theories they help generate

That methods are irrelevant to theoretical outcomes

That theories are formed independently of material settings

None

Which psychological concept refers to institutional control over life, health, and development?

Attachment theory

Biopower

Play therapy

Developmental milestones

None

Why is the term 'normativity' significant in developmental psychology?

It explains how children internalise parental rules

It highlights how science embeds social norms in definitions of development

It tracks emotional progress in adolescence

It describes variations in emotional regulation

None

Which figure is associated with the use of play therapy and toy-based clinical observation?

John Bowlby

Margaret Lowenfeld

Melanie Klein

Anna Freud

None

How does material culture influence psychological research?

By reducing reliance on abstract concepts

By shaping what is observed and how it’s interpreted

By accelerating the scientific process

By promoting diversity in research teams

None

What did Harlow's surrogate mother studies aim to investigate?

The stages of cognitive development in children

The formation of emotional bonds in infant monkeys

Cognitive bias in memory recall

Visual perception in early infancy

None

What is an example of material culture in child psychology?

A soft toy given to participants

The photographic dome

A standardised questionnaire

An fMRI brain scan image

None

Which term refers to structured observation techniques often using technological mediation?

Developmental psychology

Observational science

Attachment theory

Cognitive development

None

10.

What is one critique of developmental schedules?

They are universally applicable

They are often based on culturally specific and narrow data sets

They ensure consistency across cultures

They offer a complete model of development

None

11.

Which critical concept highlights how physical tools shape theories in psychology?

Normativity

Tools-to-theories

Material culture

Developmental schedule

None

12.

Who developed the first dome used to study infant development through film?

Jean Piaget

Arnold Gesell

Margaret Lowenfeld

Harry Harlow

None

13.

Arnold Gesell's photographic dome was designed to measure adult intelligence.

True

False

None

14.

The concept of 'tools-to-theories' suggests that scientific instruments can shape psychological concepts.

True

False

None

15.

Margaret Lowenfeld used toy-based methods to access children's emotional worlds.

True

False

None

16.

Biopower refers to the influence of childhood development on toy design.

True

False

None

17.

Observational science in psychology involves unstructured, naturalistic observation without tools.

True

False

None

18.

The photographic dome was a space for observing children without them knowing they were being studied.

True

False

None

19.

The photographic _ was used by Arnold Gesell to observe and film infant development.

20.

The concept of _ refers to how the tools of science can shape the theories they produce.

21.

The idea of _ highlights how cultural norms are embedded in scientific definitions of development.

22.

Margaret Lowenfeld used toys to create a therapeutic method known as _ therapy.

23.

_ culture refers to the physical objects and technologies used to produce psychological knowledge.

24.

Michel Foucault's term _ refers to how modern institutions manage life and regulate populations.

Time’s up

Chapter 20 – Quiz

What is the concept of 'boundary-work' used to explain in the context of psychology?

The classification of paranormal phenomena as hallucinations.

The demarcation between legitimate and illegitimate scientific knowledge.

The use of statistical techniques in experimental psychology.

The history of behaviourist approaches in psychology.

None

Which early psychologist studied Leonora Piper as part of his interest in psychic phenomena?

Carl Jung

William James

Sigmund Freud

J.B. Rhine

None

What did J.B. Rhine contribute to psychological methodology?

Case studies of hallucinations.

Randomisation protocols and statistical techniques to study ESP.

Behavioural stimulus-response analysis.

Cognitive modelling of telepathy.

None

How did mainstream psychology reinterpret apparitions and mediumship in the 20th century?

As evidence of dual consciousness.

As errors in perception, hallucinations, or dissociation.

As examples of divine intervention.

As proof of paranormal activity.

None

What role did gender play in the historical treatment of mediums like Leonora Piper?

Women were typically seen as scientific authorities.

Mediums were studied but excluded from authorship of psychological knowledge.

Male mediums were more scrutinised than females.

Gender had little to no impact in this domain.

None

Why is the 'subliminal self' significant in parapsychological history?

It denied the existence of unconscious processes.

It conceptualised the psyche as layered and open to telepathic and spiritual influences.

It reinforced behaviourist ideas about the mind.

It rejected all forms of spiritualism.

None

What metaphor does the chapter use to describe psychology's exclusion of the paranormal?

Repression and denial.

Exorcism and haunting.

Observation and testing.

Rationalisation and debate.

None

What is the Koestler Chair best known for?

Training mediums in ESP techniques.

Hosting academic research into parapsychology at the University of Edinburgh.

Promoting behaviourist experiments.

Establishing norms for cognitive psychology.

None

What did Rhine's parapsychological methods eventually contribute to?

Disproving the existence of psychic phenomena.

Mainstream methodological tools like randomisation and significance testing.

Creating new behaviourist experiments.

Developing dream interpretation protocols.

None

10.

Which of the following best reflects Jung's theory of synchronicity?

Causally determined unconscious behaviour.

Acausal but meaningful coincidences.

A rational analysis of dreams.

A behaviourist account of repetition.

None

11.

Why did early psychology engage with séance and mediumship?

They were purely cultural curiosities.

They were treated as legitimate sources of psychological insight.

They were never considered scientific.

They only interested philosophers, not psychologists.

None

12.

How did post-war psychology generally view the paranormal?

As unexplained scientific frontiers.

As cognitive errors, illusions, or pathologies.

As new areas of cognitive research.

As valid spiritual experiences.

None

13.

William James dismissed mediumship as superstition and refused to engage with figures like Leonora Piper.

True

False

None

14.

The concept of 'boundary-work' helps explain how psychology has excluded certain domains like parapsychology to define itself as scientific.

True

False

None

15.

J.B. Rhine's laboratory experiments on ESP contributed to the development of methodological tools now standard in psychology.

True

False

None

16.

The Koestler Chair at the University of Edinburgh was universally celebrated and well-integrated into academic psychology.

True

False

None

17.

Apparitions and poltergeists are now considered valid psychological data in all branches of psychology.

True

False

None

18.

Parapsychology has played a central role in shaping how psychology constructs its epistemological boundaries.

True

False

None

19.

The Society for Psychical Research was founded in the late _ century to investigate paranormal phenomena.

20.

Carl Jung introduced the concept of _ to describe meaningful coincidences without causal links.

21.

Frederic Myers theorised the existence of a layered psyche known as the _ self.

22.

Leonora Piper was frequently studied but not granted _ authority within psychological science.

23.

The term _ is used in the chapter to describe psychology's selective inclusion and exclusion of ideas.

24.

J.B. Rhine used _ cards in his experiments to test for extrasensory perception.

Time’s up

Chapter 21 – Quiz

What does the concept of 'historical ontology' suggest about psychological categories?

They are universally fixed across time.

They are historically and culturally constructed.

They are defined purely by biology.

They are immune to social influence.

None

Which of the following was considered a psychological category in the 19th century but is now discredited?

Neurosis

Drapetomania

Personality disorder

Anxiety

None

Who coined the concept of the 'looping effect' in relation to psychological classification?

Michel Foucault

Ian Hacking

Jean-Martin Charcot

William James

None

What is an 'ecological niche' in the context of psychological categories?

A space where wild animals are observed.

The historical and cultural conditions that support a psychological category.

A universal property of human nature.

A lab-based method for classifying disorders.

None

Which diagnosis involved compulsive wandering and amnesia in the 19th century?

Hysteria

Fugue

Neurasthenia

MPD

None

What did 'feeblemindedness' contribute to in early 20th-century psychology?

Trauma-informed therapy

Eugenic policies and institutionalisation

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Educational reform

None

What distinguishes a 'moving target' category?

It remains fixed in meaning and use.

It shifts or transforms across historical contexts.

It is entirely subjective.

It is defined only by modern science.

None

Which of these categories shifted from a moral to a psychometric framework?

Hysteria

Personality

MPD

Drive

None

How did Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) become more widely recognised again in the late 20th century?

Via ancient philosophical writings

Through shifts in diagnostic manuals and media attention

Due to military funding

Because of brain imaging techniques

None

10.

What is the primary function of diagnostic systems like the DSM?

To eliminate all subjective experiences

To classify and shape psychological categories

To train neuroscientists

To study animal behaviour

None

11.

Which historical condition reflected anxiety about modern industrial life?

Melancholia

Neurasthenia

Phrenitis

Accidie

None

12.

What does the chapter argue about the ontological status of psychological categories?

They are biologically predetermined.

They are socially constructed and contingent on context.

They are fixed across all cultures.

They have no real-world effects.

None

13.

Historical ontology argues that psychological categories are timeless and universal.

True

False

None

14.

The concept of the 'looping effect' suggests that classification can influence how people behave.

True

False

None

15.

Fugue was a widely recognised psychiatric diagnosis that has persisted into modern DSM editions.

True

False

None

16.

Hysteria was historically a diagnosis applied primarily to men working in industrial settings.

True

False

None

17.

Psychological categories can shape the lived experience of individuals as well as clinical practice.

True

False

None

18.

Power dynamics have played no significant role in the formation or disappearance of psychological categories.

True

False

None

19.

The diagnosis of _ was used in the American South to pathologise the desire of enslaved people to escape.

20.

Albert Dadas was diagnosed with _, a condition involving compulsive wandering and memory loss.

21.

_ psychology attempted to quantify mental traits such as intelligence and personality.

22.

William McDougall's theory of _ psychology centred on instinctual urges as the drivers of behaviour.

23.

The _ effect describes how people change their behaviour in response to being classified.

24.

The term _ ontology describes how psychological kinds are brought into existence through historical and cultural processes.

Time’s up

Chapter 22 – Quiz

What was the significance of Dr John Fryer's appearance as 'Dr Henry Anonymous' at the 1972 APA meeting?

It protected Fryer from professional backlash

It revealed the political nature of psychiatric diagnosis and sparked reform

It demonstrated psychiatry’s inclusivity

It led to immediate changes in law

None

What is the concept of interpellation primarily used to explain in this chapter?

Why diagnoses should be abolished

How people are positioned by diagnostic systems and may respond to them

The biological causes of mental illness

The dangers of anti-psychiatry

None

Which diagnosis emerged directly as a result of activism by Vietnam War veterans?

Autistic Spectrum Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / ME

Bipolar Disorder

None

According to the chapter, how does the DSM define psychological disorders?

Using brain scans to detect abnormality

As clusters of symptoms without requiring causal explanation

As innate disorders rooted in biology

Through consensus based on lived experience only

None

Which movement reframes neurological differences like autism as natural variations rather than disorders?

The pharmaceutical industry

The neurodiversity movement

The psychiatric survivor movement

The behaviourist model

None

What term is used to describe categories whose meanings are shaped by social interpretation rather than biology?

Natural kinds

Human kinds

Psychiatric disorders

Scientific facts

None

Why is ADHD described as a networked, multi-stakeholder diagnosis?

Because it only affects schoolchildren

Because it involves input from teachers, parents, and clinicians

Because it has clear biological markers

Because it is controversial

None

What is one reason for the epistemological critique of the DSM provided in the chapter?

It uses only quantitative data

It is influenced by consensus and commercial interests

It has universal validity across cultures

It is completely evidence-based

None

Which diagnosis is discussed as having been historically misattributed to anxiety or psychosomatic causes, especially in women?

ADHD

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Schizophrenia

None

10.

What does 'counter-hailing' describe in the context of psychological diagnosis?

A method used only by professionals

A process by which people resist imposed diagnostic labels

A theory about childhood development

A campaign for medical funding

None

11.

Which organisation challenged the biomedical model of schizophrenia in 2014?

The World Health Organization

The British Psychological Society

The APA task force

The NHS mental health board

None

12.

Why is power considered inescapable in psychological diagnosis?

Because doctors have ultimate authority

Because categories are based on human interpretation, not biomarkers

Because patients misreport symptoms

Because psychology is not scientific

None

13.

Dr John Fryer appeared at the APA in 1972 using his real name to protest the classification of homosexuality as a disorder.

True

False

None

14.

Interpellation is a concept that describes how individuals are passively diagnosed without resistance.

True

False

None

15.

ADHD diagnosis often involves input from multiple parties including teachers, parents, and clinicians.

True

False

None

16.

The DSM is based purely on biological tests and objective criteria.

True

False

None

17.

The neurodiversity movement challenges the deficit-based model of autism and ADHD.

True

False

None

18.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome has historically been dismissed or misdiagnosed, particularly among women.

True

False

None

19.

The concept of _ describes how individuals are 'hailed' into diagnostic categories by ideological systems.

20.

Dr John Fryer used the pseudonym _ when speaking at the APA in 1972.

21.

The _ model of diagnosis defines disorders by symptom checklists rather than underlying causes.

22.

The diagnosis of PTSD was added to the DSM in response to activism by _ veterans.

23.

The British Psychological Society proposed a _ formulation of schizophrenia in 2014.

24.

The term _ kinds refers to categories like tuberculosis, thought to exist independently of human interpretation.

Time’s up

Chapter 23 – Quiz

Which concept is used in the chapter as the main Critical Thinking Tool to interpret classic social psychology studies?

Replication

Parable

Reductionism

Construct Validity

None

The Kitty Genovese story was used in social psychology to develop which concept?

Conformity

Bystander effect

Groupthink

Obedience

None

Which study demonstrated that individuals conformed to a group's incorrect judgment about line lengths?

Milgram obedience experiments

Asch conformity experiments

Zimbardo prison study

Bandura Bobo Doll study

None

According to the chapter, what critique is made about Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

It was ethically questionable

It revealed common-sense truths already understood about imitation

It was based on flawed data

It showed no real findings

None

Stephen Gibson's analysis of Milgram's work highlights what key idea?

Participants always obeyed due to authority

Participants often resisted, showing agency

The experiment was faked

The experiment had no cultural impact

None

What does the chapter suggest about the role of social psychology in the Cold War era?

It focused only on scientific neutrality

It produced allegories reflecting Cold War fears

It ignored cultural influences

It was purely behaviourist

None

Which BBC study contradicted Zimbardo's findings?

The British Conformity Test

The BBC Prison Study by Haslam and Reicher

Milgram Revisited

None

Why couldn't Asch's conformity study be replicated in 1970s Britain?

The original experiment was flawed

Social conditions had changed, altering conformity behaviour

Ethical rules prohibited replication

British participants were more obedient

None

Which myth does Milgram's study support according to the chapter?

Myth of urban apathy

Myth of blind obedience

Myth of innate violence

Myth of moral superiority

None

10.

What is the central critique of Zimbardo's prison experiment?

It was a hoax

It revealed nothing new about power and uniformed behaviour

It showed strong obedience

It focused too much on institutions

None

11.

What does the chapter argue about social psychology's role in society?

It aimed for scientific objectivity only

It helped construct cultural myths

It exposed propaganda

It prioritised statistical rigour

None

12.

What Cold War theme is embedded in many classic social psychology studies?

Celebration of individualism

Fear of authoritarian control and conformity

Apocalyptic religious belief

Technological optimism

None

13.

The Kitty Genovese case was accurately reported at the time, with 38 witnesses doing nothing.

True

False

None

14.

Milgram's obedience studies found that most people obey authority without question.

True

False

None

15.

Stephen Gibson's work reinterprets Milgram's findings by focusing on participants' active resistance.

True

False

None

16.

The Asch conformity experiments were not easily replicable in Britain during the 1970s.

True

False

None

17.

The BBC's replication of Zimbardo's prison experiment showed guards becoming increasingly authoritarian.

True

False

None

18.

Viewing classic studies as parables helps uncover the cultural anxieties they reflect.

True

False

None

19.

The murder of Kitty Genovese became a foundational parable for the study of _ in social psychology.

20.

Stanley Milgram's obedience study demonstrated how individuals respond to _ authority.

21.

The Asch conformity experiments revealed the power of _ influence.

22.

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment claimed to demonstrate the effects of assigned _ roles.

23.

Stephen Gibson reinterpreted Milgram's findings to highlight participant _.

24.

The Cold War context shaped classic American social psychology through its focus on group conformity and _ dynamics.

Time’s up

Chapter 24 – Quiz

What is the central Critical Thinking Tool explored in this chapter?

Narrative Therapy

Hermeneutics

Reflexivity

Cognitive Dissonance

None

Which of the following best describes the dialectic of meaning in humanistic and existential psychology?

It refers to the conflict between Freud and Jung

It refers to the tension between hopeful and critical readings of therapy

It is a dialect between behaviourism and phenomenology

It distinguishes between symptom and syndrome

None

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

Operant Conditioning

Hierarchy of Needs

Classical Conditioning

Cognitive Maps

None

Carl Rogers' therapeutic model is most closely associated with which concept?

Free association

Unconditional positive regard

Cognitive restructuring

Behavioural reinforcement

None

Which philosopher significantly influenced Medard Boss's approach to therapy?

Carl Jung

Martin Heidegger

Wilhelm Wundt

Jean-Paul Sartre

None

Violet Oaklander is best known for integrating Gestalt therapy with which population?

Adolescents

Children

Adults

Couples

None

Which of the following is NOT one of Irvin Yalom's 'ultimate concerns'?

Freedom

Belonging

Isolation

Meaninglessness

None

What is a hermeneutics of suspicion primarily concerned with?

Client self-expression

The ideological and historical complicity of psychological concepts

Therapeutic alliance

Pastoral care

None

How did the concept of 'pastoral power' function in this chapter?

Economic exploitation by therapists

A benevolent form of guiding clients to adapt and grow

Critical psychiatry in institutional settings

Radical empowerment through protest

None

10.

What cultural shift did David Riesman highlight in 'The Lonely Crowd'?

A return to traditional values

A move from inner- to other-directed identity

A rise in traditional authority

A celebration of individual success

None

11.

What was a key critique of the 'therapeutic society' as described by Christopher Lasch?

It promoted political revolution through therapy

It turned self-awareness into a substitute for social solidarity

It de-emphasised client self-awareness

It encouraged social activism through therapy

None

12.

What is a common risk of humanistic psychology when viewed through a hermeneutics of suspicion?

It leads to religious fundamentalism

It can reinforce performative authenticity and responsibilisation

It opposes all forms of counselling

It dismisses individual agency entirely

None

13.

Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to behaviourism and psychoanalysis.

True

False

None

14.

Carl Rogers believed that therapists should interpret a client's unconscious thoughts.

True

False

None

15.

Existential psychotherapy focuses on core human concerns such as death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness.

True

False

None

16.

The hermeneutics of suspicion views humanistic psychology as ideologically neutral.

True

False

None

17.

Violet Oaklander's therapy methods relied heavily on direct verbal analysis.

True

False

None

18.

The concept of self-actualisation was central to Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation.

True

False

None

19.

Carl Rogers is most associated with the development of _ therapy.

20.

Abraham Maslow's model of motivation is famously structured as a hierarchy of _.

21.

The philosophical tradition underpinning existential psychotherapy is known as _.

22.

The book _ to Our Children was written by Violet Oaklander.

23.

Medard Boss worked closely with the philosopher Martin _.

24.

Irvin Yalom identified four ultimate concerns: death, freedom, isolation, and _.

Time’s up

Chapter 25 – Quiz

What is the central critical thinking tool used in this chapter on community psychology?

Social identity theory

Critical consciousness

Psychodynamic reflection

Cognitive heuristics

None

Who were the primary figures behind the development of UK community psychology?

Freud, Jung, and Adler

Kagan, Burton, and Stainton Rogers

Skinner and Watson

Zimbardo and Milgram

None

What does Participatory Action Research (PAR) aim to challenge?

Sampling bias

Traditional research hierarchies

Operationalisation of variables

Naturalistic observation

None

Which concept is attributed to Paolo Freire and central to liberation psychology?

Self-actualisation

Conscientisation

Cognitive dissonance

Conditioned stimulus

None

What is a key distinction made by community psychologists in approaching social change?

Top-down versus bottom-up learning

First-order and second-order change

Positive versus negative reinforcement

Schema activation

None

Which historical figure conducted the Marienthal study on unemployment's psychological effects?

John Bowlby

Marie Jahoda

Erik Erikson

Abraham Maslow

None

How do community psychologists view mental distress?

As the result of childhood trauma

In relation to structural and political oppression

As purely medical dysfunction

As a symptom of poor parenting

None

What is a key feature of second-order change in community psychology?

It focuses on short-term behavioural goals

It targets structural systems and policy change

It works mainly with motivational coaching

It encourages placebo use in community work

None

What theoretical model developed by James Kelly underpins much of community psychology?

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Ecological Levels of Analysis

Freudian model of the mind

Behaviourist stimulus-response model

None

10.

Which key individual in the chapter is closely associated with both critical and liberation psychology?

Carl Rogers

Ignacio Martín-Baró

Lev Vygotsky

Elizabeth Loftus

None

11.

What is the overarching goal of community psychology as presented in the chapter?

To develop better personality tests

To foster equity, inclusion, and social justice

To reduce anxiety in therapy settings

To test universal theories of human behaviour

None

12.

Which of the following is NOT an activity typically undertaken by community psychologists?

Conducting individual IQ assessments

Running laboratory-based memory tests

Evaluating cognitive load in user design

Administering standardised personality inventories

None

13.

Community psychology focuses solely on the treatment of individuals' mental health conditions.

True

False

None

14.

The concept of 'critical consciousness' was originally developed by Paulo Freire.

True

False

None

15.

Participatory Action Research (PAR) involves hierarchical decision-making by researchers.

True

False

None

16.

Community psychology prioritises systemic change over individual adaptation.

True

False

None

17.

Marie Jahoda was involved in the Marienthal study, which highlighted the psychological effects of unemployment.

True

False

None

18.

Community psychologists often work to empower marginalised groups by addressing power imbalances.

True

False

None

19.

Community psychology challenges the traditional __________ focus of mainstream psychology.

20.

The concept of __________ consciousness was first developed by Paulo Freire.

21.

Ignacio Martín-Baró was a key figure in the development of __________ psychology.

22.

The Marienthal study revealed the psychological effects of long-term __________.

23.

Participatory Action Research (PAR) involves community members as active __________.

24.

James Kelly's ecological framework includes the principle of __________ of resources.

Time’s up

Chapter 26 – Quiz

What event opens the chapter and symbolises the controversy around sociobiology?

Wilson receiving a scientific award

Edward O. Wilson being doused with water

A protest against animal testing

A televised debate with Richard Dawkins

None

Which field preceded evolutionary psychology and was largely popularised by Edward O. Wilson?

Behaviourism

Sociobiology

Cognitive neuroscience

Structuralism

None

What concept is used in this chapter as the Critical Thinking Tool?

Modularity

Fantasy

Adaptation

Reductionism

None

Which of the following best describes a key criticism of evolutionary psychology?

It relies on controlled lab experiments

It often naturalises cultural norms

It underestimates genetic influence

It ignores brain structure

None

Which popular science book helped spread sociobiological ideas to a wide audience?

Richard Dawkins’s *The Selfish Gene*

Desmond Morris’s *Manwatching*

Steven Pinker’s *The Blank Slate*

Daniel Dennett’s *Darwin’s Dangerous Idea*

None

Who is a contemporary critic of sociobiology featured in the chapter for promoting diversity in biological theory?

Steven Pinker

Joan Roughgarden

Edward O. Wilson

David Buss

None

What is meant by 'modularity of mind' in evolutionary psychology?

The brain is a general-purpose processor

The brain has specialised modules

Cognition depends on culture alone

Learning is entirely innate

None

Which book by Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin is mentioned as a critique of biological determinism?

*The Selfish Gene*

*Not in Our Genes*

*Adapted Mind*

*The Mismeasure of Man*

None

Which feminist critic argued that biology is often used to justify unequal gender roles?

Sarah Hrdy

Ruth Hubbard

Judith Butler

Elizabeth Spelke

None

10.

How does the chapter describe the function of fantasy in scientific discourse?

It enhances objectivity

It fills ideological gaps

It limits scientific imagination

It reduces bias

None

11.

Why is evolutionary psychology criticised for its treatment of gender?

It treats gender as irrelevant

It reinforces essentialist gender roles

It only studies men

It ignores sexuality

None

12.

Which psychologist argued in favour of evolutionary explanations for mating strategies?

Steven Pinker

David Buss

Edward O. Wilson

Joan Roughgarden

None

13.

Sociobiology was first developed in the 1990s as a critique of evolutionary psychology.

True

False

None

14.

The chapter argues that fantasy can act as a kind of ideological glue within scientific narratives.

True

False

None

15.

Joan Roughgarden supported Darwin's traditional theory of sexual selection without revision.

True

False

None

16.

Modularity of mind suggests that the human brain evolved with general-purpose reasoning abilities.

True

False

None

17.

Desmond Morris's book *Manwatching* helped popularise sociobiological ideas to the general public.

True

False

None

18.

The chapter endorses evolutionary psychology's explanations of gender roles as objective and scientific.

True

False

None

19.

Edward O. Wilson was famously _ with water at a scientific conference.

20.

The concept of _ is used to explain how scientific narratives often mask ideological assumptions.

21.

The book _ by Lewontin, Rose, and Kamin is a critique of biological determinism.

22.

Joan Roughgarden criticised the traditional theory of _ selection in evolutionary biology.

23.

The belief that men and women have fixed, biologically determined roles is called gender _.

24.

Desmond Morris's book _ was a popular account of sociobiological ideas in the 1970s.

Time’s up

Chapter 27 – Quiz

What is the central claim of discursive psychology?

That language is a reflection of internal cognitive structures

That psychological phenomena are constructed and performed through language

That behaviour can be best understood through controlled experiments

That psychology should be separated from cultural influences

None

According to Wittgenstein, what gives words their meaning?

Their logical definition in a dictionary

Their use within specific social contexts or language games

Their correspondence to inner mental states

Their clarity and simplicity

None

What does the phrase 'power/knowledge' imply in Foucault's theory?

That power always corrupts knowledge

That knowledge and power are co-constitutive and define what can be known

That knowledge removes the need for power

That power is only exercised by governments

None

Which book marked a major discursive intervention in British psychology in 1984?

The Cult of the Fact

Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation and Subjectivity

The Explanation of Social Behaviour

Reconstructing Social Psychology

None

How is prejudice analysed in discursive psychology?

As a measurable trait within individuals

As a social action managed and performed in talk

As a biological predisposition

As a subconscious bias only revealed through testing

None

What is meant by 'form of life' in Wittgenstein's philosophy?

An individual’s biological makeup

The cultural and social context that gives meaning to language use

A logical structure of arguments

An innate capacity for language

None

Which of the following best describes empiricism?

The theory that language creates reality

The idea that knowledge is derived from observation and experience

The practice of subjective interpretation

The belief that discourse shapes identity

None

Which key figure is known for introducing social constructionism into psychology?

Rom Harré

Kenneth Gergen

John Shotter

Erica Burman

None

What does discursive psychology suggest about identity?

It is genetically inherited and stable

It is constructed and negotiated through discourse

It is defined by personality traits

It is the sum of past experiences

None

10.

How did Ian Parker contribute to discursive psychology?

He developed the first experimental test for language use

He linked discourse analysis with ideological critique and political resistance

He argued against using Foucault in psychology

He focused primarily on quantitative research methods

None

11.

What does an interpretivist epistemology prioritise?

Testing hypotheses through objective measures

Understanding context-specific meanings through interpretation

Calculating effect sizes and statistical significance

Avoiding researcher bias through randomisation

None

12.

Which of the following best captures the main theme of 'Language Games: The Cult of the Fact and the Enchantment of Discourse'?

That psychology has always prioritised subjectivity over measurement

That psychology’s disillusionment led to a linguistic turn grounded in meaning-making and power

That Wittgenstein promoted experimental social psychology

That discourse analysis is incompatible with science

None

13.

Discursive psychology treats language as a neutral vehicle for expressing inner thoughts.

True

False

None

14.

Wittgenstein's concept of a 'language game' emphasises the social use of language in specific contexts.

True

False

None

15.

Michel Foucault argued that power and knowledge operate independently of each other.

True

False

None

16.

Discursive psychology emerged as a response to dissatisfaction with mainstream experimental methods in the 1970s.

True

False

None

17.

Rom Harré and Paul Secord argued that people should be understood as acting for causes, not reasons.

True

False

None

18.

Discursive psychologists study how people use language to perform actions like justifying and resisting.

True

False

None

19.

Discursive psychology argues that psychological phenomena are performed through _.

20.

Wittgenstein introduced the concept of _ games to explain how language gains meaning through use.

21.

Rom Harré argued that people act for _ rather than mere causes.

22.

Michel Foucault's idea of power/_ describes how knowledge is always bound up with power.

23.

Discursive psychology challenges the belief that _ categories like 'attitude' are fixed traits.

24.

The 1984 book _ the Subject was a major intervention in British critical psychology.

Time’s up

Chapter 28 – Quiz

Which emotion did Catherine Lutz describe among the Ifaluk that challenges Western ideas of emotion?

Sadness

Fago

Love

Compassion

None

What is the central Critical Thinking Tool used in this chapter?

Epistemology

Social constructionism

Ontology

Reductionism

None

According to discursive psychology, what does saying 'I'm afraid' exemplify?

An involuntary reaction

A speech act

A reflex

An emotional release

None

Who introduced the concept of emotional labour?

Rom Harré

Arlie Hochschild

Catherine Lutz

Margaret Wetherell

None

Which book by Catherine Lutz critiques the assumption that emotions are natural?

The Emotions and the Will

Unnatural Emotions

The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals

Emotion and Adaptation

None

Which theorist's work forms the basis for the universal emotions theory?

William James

Paul Ekman

Charles Darwin

Sigmund Freud

None

What major shift occurred in the 19th century regarding the understanding of emotions?

They were moral judgments

They were naturalised as internal psychological states

They were religious affections

They were seen as divine gifts

None

Which research method did Lutz use in her study of the Ifaluk?

Experimentation

Ethnography

Observation

Self-report survey

None

What term describes cultural norms around feeling and expression, as introduced by Peter and Carol Stearns?

Emotional regulation

Emotionology

Emotional labour

Mood scripts

None

10.

Which concept is broader and includes pre-conscious intensities and moods?

Emotion

Affect

Feeling

Mood

None

11.

Which feminist theorist argued that emotions can be commodified in the workplace?

Rom Harré

Arlie Hochschild

Paul Ekman

William James

None

12.

What does social constructionism suggest about emotions?

They are hardwired responses

They are culturally and historically shaped

They are biologically inherited

They are universal across cultures

None

13.

Emotions have always been treated as biological phenomena throughout history.

True

False

None

14.

Discursive psychology argues that emotions are enacted through language, not merely expressed.

True

False

None

15.

Catherine Lutz found that emotions like 'fago' could be easily translated into Western categories.

True

False

None

16.

Social constructionism views emotions as historically and culturally contingent.

True

False

None

17.

Paul Ekman's theory of basic emotions was universally accepted without criticism.

True

False

None

18.

Anthropologists like Rosaldo and Lutz used ethnographic methods to understand emotion in context.

True

False

None

19.

The concept of _ was introduced by Arlie Hochschild to describe how workers manage emotions to fit organisational demands.

20.

Catherine Lutz's research on the Ifaluk focused on the culturally specific emotion called _.

21.

_ psychology focuses on how language is used to perform and construct emotional experiences.

22.

In the 19th century, emotions were separated from reason and will and became a domain for _ investigation.

23.

The term _ refers to culturally shared norms about how emotions should be felt and expressed.

24.

According to social constructionism, emotions are not universal but are shaped by _, culture, and power.

Time’s up

Chapter 29 – Quiz

What was the original institutional context in which cognitive psychology developed in the UK?

Tavistock Clinic

Applied Psychology Unit (APU)

Wellcome Institute

London School of Economics

None

Which model of memory includes a central executive, a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketchpad?

Tulving’s encoding specificity model

Baddeley and Hitch model

Craik’s fatigue model

Hebbian cell assemblies

None

What metaphor did Kenneth Craik famously propose for the mind?

A mirror of reality

A small-scale model of reality

A control system

A perfect processor

None

Which wartime needs directly influenced the emergence of cognitive psychology?

Technological innovation in computing

The challenges of warfare, especially aviation and control systems

Psychotherapy’s growing influence

The rise of behaviourism

None

What is embodied cognition?

Mind as a blank slate

Cognition grounded in body and world

Mind as command centre

Computation without emotion

None

How did metaphors like 'filing cabinets' and 'processors' shape cognitive models of memory?

They were artistic flourishes

They reflected institutional metaphors of the time

They limited creative thinking

They were purely descriptive

None

What role did the Applied Psychology Unit (APU) play in cognitive psychology's development?

It was critical of cognitive models

It shaped cognitive research through war-related applications

It was irrelevant to memory research

It mainly focused on animal training

None

Which of the following is true about Donald Broadbent?

He rejected all models of processing

He created early models of attention and information processing

He denied the relevance of attention

He opposed applied research

None

What distinguishes embodied cognition from traditional cognitive models?

It views cognition as brain-bound computation

It roots cognition in body and context

It ignores cultural variation

It emphasises logical deduction

None

10.

Which metaphor did William Randall propose as an alternative to machine metaphors?

Memory as a server

Memory as compost heap

Memory as a control centre

Memory as a digital database

None

11.

What is the significance of box-and-arrow diagrams in cognitive psychology?

They simplify learning for undergraduates

They schematically represent stages of thought as control systems

They were designed by Skinner

They represented Freudian defence mechanisms

None

12.

Why is Kenneth Craik considered a foundational figure in cognitive psychology?

He built brain-computer interfaces

He proposed minds simulate the world in miniature

He dismissed metaphors altogether

He focused only on philosophical issues

None

13.

Embodied cognition argues that cognition is entirely separate from sensory and motor systems.

True

False

None

14.

Kenneth Craik developed the idea of the mind as a model-making system during World War II.

True

False

None

15.

Donald Broadbent's work was unrelated to military communication systems.

True

False

None

16.

The Applied Psychology Unit (APU) played a central role in developing postwar cognitive psychology in the UK.

True

False

None

17.

William Randall's compost heap metaphor critiques the reductionist metaphors of early cognitive psychology.

True

False

None

18.

Box-and-arrow diagrams used in cognitive models were influenced by wartime control and command systems.

True

False

None

19.

Kenneth Craik proposed that the mind builds a small-scale _ of reality.

20.

The metaphor of the brain as a _ shaped many postwar models of memory and attention.

21.

Embodied cognition sees thought as grounded in _ and action.

22.

The Applied Psychology Unit (APU) was based in the city of _.

23.

Broadbent's model of attention was heavily influenced by wartime _ systems.

24.

The compost heap metaphor of memory was proposed by William _.

Time’s up

Chapter 30 – Quiz

What is meant by 'neoliberal governmentality' in the context of positive psychology?

A governmental policy for national happiness measurement

A form of self-regulation shaped by market ideologies

A method of diagnosing depression through positive emotions

A rejection of individual responsibility in psychology

None

Who coined the term 'kokoro no kaze' to market depression in Japan?

Laurence Kirmayer

Pharmaceutical marketers in collaboration with academics

The Japanese Ministry of Health

The World Health Organization

None

Which model did Martin Seligman create to describe well-being?

SWB

PERMA

DSM

CSF

None

What does 'epistemicide' refer to?

The study of non-verbal behaviour

The erasure of alternative ways of knowing

A therapy method using language restructuring

The loss of memory from trauma

None

What is a key critique made by Geni Núñez?

That psychology lacks empirical rigour

That psychology functions as a colonial and regulatory force

That CBT is superior to psychoanalysis

That happiness is biologically fixed

None

How did Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi contribute to positive psychology?

By developing the PERMA model

By introducing the concept of flow

By writing Prozac Nation

By coining the term resilience training

None

What does the term 'technologies of the self' refer to?

Tools used in neuroimaging research

Practices individuals use to regulate themselves

Psychometric assessments of personality

Digital technologies for emotion detection

None

Why is the PERMA model critiqued in the chapter?

It overlooks the role of exercise in well-being

It reduces well-being to individual metrics compatible with productivity

It was never empirically tested

It focuses too much on childhood development

None

What was a key outcome of the 'a cold of the soul' campaign in Japan?

Mental health services were withdrawn

Pharmaceutical sales for SSRIs increased dramatically

Traditional medicine was banned

Positive psychology was outlawed

None

10.

What is the ontological assumption behind positive psychology's 'happy subject'?

That people are naturally resistant to happiness

That ideal humans are emotionally agile and efficient

That happiness is socially constructed

That mental health is impossible to measure

None

11.

How does the military use positive psychology, according to the chapter?

To promote peace education

To condition emotional resilience in soldiers

To identify candidates for discharge

To treat trauma using EMDR

None

12.

What concern does the chapter raise about happiness as a social norm?

That happiness is genetically predetermined

That enforced positivity can suppress legitimate emotional responses

That optimism reduces serotonin levels

That happiness leads to antisocial behaviour

None

13.

Positive psychology has always been a politically neutral field of study.

True

False

None

14.

The concept of 'learned helplessness' was developed before the positive psychology movement began.

True

False

None

15.

'Kokoro no kaze' was a traditional Japanese psychiatric diagnosis.

True

False

None

16.

The PERMA model includes five dimensions of psychological well-being.

True

False

None

17.

Laurence Kirmayer is known for promoting a universal biological basis for depression.

True

False

None

18.

Bhutan has used Gross National Happiness as an alternative to GDP.

True

False

None

19.

Martin Seligman's original research focus was on _ helplessness.

20.

The Japanese phrase 'kokoro no kaze' translates roughly as a cold of the _.

21.

PERMA stands for Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and _.

22.

The term '_ of the self' refers to practices that individuals use to shape and regulate their own emotions and behaviours.

23.

Bhutan's development philosophy replaces GDP with Gross National _.

24.

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi coined the term _ to describe the state of deep immersion in an activity.

Time’s up

Chapter 31 – Quiz

What is meant by the term 'liquid love' as discussed in the chapter?

Long-distance relationships

Romantic relationships characterised by impermanence and uncertainty.

Open marriages

Traditional matchmaking

None

Which sociologist coined the terms 'solid modernity' and 'liquid modernity'?

Anthony Giddens

Zygmunt Bauman

Ulrich Beck

Michel Foucault

None

What does the term 'ghosting' refer to in modern romantic relationships?

Falling in love after a first date.

Ending a relationship by cutting off all communication without explanation.

Meeting someone multiple times before dating.

Rekindling a relationship after years apart.

None

Which theory suggests people develop romantic behaviours based on early attachments?

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Attachment Theory

Social Learning Theory

Behaviourism

None

What is a 'situationship'?

A close friendship without sexual intimacy.

A romantic relationship without clear status or boundaries.

A sexual encounter between strangers.

A marriage formed through social pressure.

None

What does the term 'zombied' mean in the context of digital dating?

When someone changes their dating profile.

When someone who ghosted you returns unexpectedly.

A return to traditional courtship.

A glitch in messaging apps.

None

Who proposed the 'Westermarck effect'?

John Bowlby

Edward Westermarck

Sigmund Freud

Mary Ainsworth

None

What is the main critical thinking tool used in this chapter?

Attachment Styles

Solid vs Liquid Modernity

Evolutionary Psychology

Humanistic Counselling

None

How does 'prolix lexicon' relate to contemporary love?

It refers to silent treatment in committed relationships.

It refers to the growing vocabulary for describing dating and romantic behaviours.

It relates to Victorian romantic etiquette.

It relates to language used in medieval romance.

None

10.

Which era is associated with long-term, institutionally supported relationships?

Liquid modernity

Solid modernity

Postmodernity

Neoliberalism

None

11.

What distinguishes 'solid love' from 'liquid love'?

Its reliance on economic dependence.

Its emphasis on enduring commitment and institutional support.

Its reliance on traditional matchmaking.

Its belief in romantic destiny.

None

12.

Which of the following is NOT a modern dating term covered in the chapter?

Breadcrumbing

Anchoring

Zombied

Paperclipping

None

13.

Zygmunt Bauman coined the terms 'solid modernity' and 'liquid modernity'.

True

False

None

14.

The term 'ghosting' refers to someone who sends too many messages during early dating.

True

False

None

15.

Edward Westermarck believed romantic love was shaped primarily by cultural scripts.

True

False

None

16.

Situationships are clear, well-defined relationships with mutual long-term commitment.

True

False

None

17.

The language of modern romance has become increasingly complex and descriptive.

True

False

None

18.

Attachment theory suggests that childhood experiences influence adult romantic behaviour.

True

False

None

19.

The sociologist Zygmunt Bauman is known for coining the term _ modernity.

20.

The term _ describes the experience of someone ending a relationship by disappearing without explanation.

21.

_ theory links early childhood experiences with adult romantic relationships.

22.

A _ is a romantic or sexual relationship that lacks clear boundaries or commitment.

23.

The _ effect refers to the idea that people raised closely together develop a sexual aversion.

24.

The term _ describes a person who reappears after having previously ghosted a partner.

Time’s up

Chapter 32 – Quiz

What is the central critical thinking tool used in this chapter?

Patriarchy

Hegemony

Intersectionality

Objectivity

None

Phyllis Chesler's 1972 article highlighted what major issue in psychotherapy?

Lack of women in psychological research

Widespread sexual exploitation of female clients by male therapists

Underrepresentation of women as therapists

Poor regulation of professional licensure

None

Which feminist psychologist challenged Kohlberg's male-centric model of moral development?

Sandra Bem

Carol Gilligan

Naomi Weisstein

Marie Langer

None

What does 'hegemonic masculinity' refer to in the context of psychology?

The scientific study of masculinity and its disorders

The dominant cultural ideal of masculinity as rational, autonomous, and in control

Equality between male and female clients in therapy

A clinical category describing fragile masculinity

None

What was the outcome of the feminist campaign against therapist-client sexual relations by 1977?

They were ridiculed by mainstream psychologists

They succeeded in making sexual relationships in therapy unethical and banned

Therapists were given training in gender sensitivity

It had no lasting impact on policy or ethics

None

Which concept did Sandra Bem develop to challenge gender essentialism?

Gender Schema Theory

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory

Feminine Ethics Inventory

Gender Role Typology

None

What does 'standpoint epistemology' argue?

That only women can produce feminist knowledge

That all knowledge is situated and reflects the social position of the knower

That science is value-free

That objectivity is the key to true science

None

How did feminist psychologists use personal narratives in their research?

To replace scientific data with storytelling

To give political and emotional weight to their critiques

To discredit traditional psychological studies

To challenge legal systems rather than psychology

None

Which method did feminist psychologists use to make women's experiences legible to scientific audiences?

By writing manifestos and personal essays

Through questionnaires and mass surveys

Through political protests alone

Through randomised controlled trials

None

10.

What does the term 'epistemic authority' mean in feminist psychology?

The formal accreditation of feminist therapists

The power to define what counts as legitimate knowledge

The method of checking citations for bias

The act of speaking from personal experience

None

11.

What was one of the key contributions of Gail Lewis to feminist psychology?

She coined the term hegemonic femininity

She used psychoanalysis to examine Black feminist experience in Britain

She criticised behaviourism’s neglect of cultural identity

She argued against feminist uses of psychoanalysis

None

12.

Why is Chesler's 1972 exposé described as a feminist revolution?

It was a minor contribution limited to popular magazines

It successfully changed policy and reframed therapeutic ethics through a gendered lens

It caused a scandal but had little policy impact

It showed how psychiatry was scientifically correct

None

13.

Phyllis Chesler's 1972 article exposed a few isolated cases of unethical therapist behaviour.

True

False

None

14.

The phrase 'hegemonic masculinity' refers to a fixed biological trait shared by all men.

True

False

None

15.

Feminist psychology argues that lived experience is a valid form of psychological knowledge.

True

False

None

16.

In the 1970s, it was common for psychological associations to prohibit sexual relations between therapists and clients.

True

False

None

17.

Standpoint epistemology holds that knowledge is always produced from a particular social position.

True

False

None

18.

Feminist psychology contributed to changes in ethical codes across major psychological organisations by 1977.

True

False

None

19.

Phyllis Chesler's 1972 article exposed a culture of _ disguised as therapy.

20.

Feminist psychologists used _ narratives to challenge the neutrality of scientific psychology.

21.

Naomi Weisstein argued that psychology constructed the female by ignoring her _ conditions.

22.

Carol Gilligan's ethics of care challenged the primacy of _ in moral reasoning.

23.

Sandra Bem introduced the concept of gender _ to explain how society shapes gender cognition.

24.

Gail Lewis critiques Eurocentric psychology through the lens of _ feminism.

Time’s up

Chapter 33 – Quiz

Which early sexologist published 'Sexual Inversion' and is known for challenging Victorian norms of sexuality?

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

Havelock Ellis

Sigmund Freud

John Money

None

What was the name of the American psychologist who co-founded the National Gay Task Force and advocated for depathologising homosexuality?

Evelyn Hooker

George Weinberg

Judith Butler

Kinsey

None

What does the term 'epistemic injustice' refer to?

Discrimination based on social class

Injustice related to knowledge and credibility

Prejudice caused by social media

A form of discrimination against transgender people

None

Which diagnostic manual removed homosexuality as a disorder in 1973?

ICD-10

DSM-II

ICD-11

DSM-5

None

Which theoretical approach critiques the assumption that sexual orientation is a fixed internal identity?

Behaviourism

Queer theory

Humanistic psychology

Psychoanalysis

None

Which term best describes the belief that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexual orientation?

Homonormativity

Heteronormativity

Queernormativity

Sexual essentialism

None

In what year did the UK partially decriminalise homosexual acts between men in England and Wales?

1957

1967

1977

1987

None

Which concept suggests that identities like 'gay' or 'trans' are historically and culturally constructed?

Biological essentialism

Social constructionism

Freudian theory

Cognitive dissonance

None

What is the primary critical thinking tool used in this chapter?

Social constructionism

Activism

Queer theory

Critical realism

None

10.

Which term refers to misleading romantic or sexual behaviour under the guise of progressive politics?

Love bombing

Wokefishing

Ghosting

Breadcrumbing

None

11.

Who developed the concept of 'sexual scripts' in psychology?

Michel Foucault

John Gagnon and William Simon

Evelyn Hooker

George Weinberg

None

12.

Which of the following statements is true about LGBTQIA+ activism and psychology?

Psychology has always supported LGBTQIA+ rights

Activism has exposed the limitations of traditional psychological categories

Sexual orientation is biologically fixed

There is a universal LGBTQIA+ identity across all cultures

None

13.

The term 'homosexuality' was first used in a psychological context in the early 20th century.

True

False

None

14.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) classified homosexuality as a mental disorder until 1973.

True

False

None

15.

Evelyn Hooker's research supported the idea that homosexuality was linked to psychopathology.

True

False

None

16.

Queer theory challenges essentialist notions of identity and sexuality.

True

False

None

17.

The decriminalisation of homosexuality in the UK occurred with the Sexual Offences Act of 1967.

True

False

None

18.

Psychology has consistently supported LGBTQIA+ rights throughout its history.

True

False

None

19.

The 1967 Sexual Offences Act in the UK partially _ homosexual activity between men over 21 in private.

20.

_ theory critiques the stability of identity categories such as gender and sexuality.

21.

The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in the year _.

22.

Psychologist Charlotte _ challenged the notion of a fixed gender binary in her work on gender and sexuality.

23.

The term _ describes the psychological internalisation of negative societal views by LGBTQIA+ individuals.

24.

Activist psychologist George _ critiqued the DSM's pathologisation of homosexuality and promoted gay-affirmative therapy.

Time’s up

Chapter 34 – Quiz

Who is widely regarded as the founder of Black psychology?

Francis Sumner

Joseph White

Beverly Greene

Kenneth Clark

None

What is the central critical thinking tool used in this chapter?

Feminist Theory

Critical Race Theory

Social Identity Theory

Postmodernism

None

Which fictional diagnosis was used to justify the deaths of Black people in custody?

Drapetomania

Excited delirium

Hysteria

Psychosis

None

Which organisation was founded in 1968 to support the development of Black psychology?

American Psychological Association

Association of Black Psychologists

National Urban League

National Institute of Mental Health

None

What is one major critique Black psychologists have made of traditional intelligence testing?

They are too difficult for marginalised groups

They reinforce systemic bias

They have low reliability

They are based on emotion, not logic

None

Why is the term 'excited delirium' controversial?

It is not included in the DSM

It lacks scientific foundation

It is politically controversial

It is commonly misunderstood

None

What key principle of CRT suggests that reform happens only when it benefits dominant groups?

Racial essentialism

Interest convergence

Colour blindness

Scientific neutrality

None

Which psychologist is known for the Nigrescence model of Black identity development?

Frantz Fanon

William E. Cross Jr.

Beverly Greene

Joseph White

None

Which term refers to stories and narratives that challenge dominant cultural accounts?

Epistemic injustice

Counter-storytelling

Stereotype threat

Internalised oppression

None

10.

What does the term 'dehumanisation' refer to in the context of this chapter?

Using IQ scores to measure self-worth

Reducing victims to non-human categories

Emphasising community resilience

Centering whiteness as the norm

None

11.

What was the significance of the 2020 death of Daniel Prude?

It led to police reform in Rochester

It became a rallying point for challenging systemic racism

It changed the definition of mental illness

It was ruled a suicide

None

12.

Which of the following is NOT a core theme in Black psychology?

Intersectionality

Behaviourism

Tokenism

Dualism

None

13.

Critical Race Theory argues that racism is embedded in legal and institutional structures.

True

False

None

14.

Black psychology began as a purely academic response to mainstream psychological theories.

True

False

None

15.

The term 'excited delirium' has been recognised by major medical associations such as the APA and WHO.

True

False

None

16.

Frantz Fanon contributed to Black psychology through his work on the psychological effects of colonialism.

True

False

None

17.

The Nigrescence model was developed by Inez Beverly Prosser to describe racial identity formation.

True

False

None

18.

Black psychology emphasises the importance of community, culture, and spirituality in mental health.

True

False

None

19.

Black psychology emerged in the late _ as a response to the exclusion and pathologisation of Black experience.

20.

The term _ delirium has been widely criticised for its pseudoscientific use in justifying deaths in police custody.

21.

_ Race Theory offers a lens to understand how racism is embedded in laws, systems, and institutions, including psychology.

22.

The _ model developed by William E. Cross Jr. outlines the stages of Black identity development.

23.

The American _ Association has never recognised 'excited delirium' as a legitimate medical diagnosis.

24.

The concept of _ storytelling is central to CRT and highlights the importance of lived experience in challenging dominant narratives.

Time’s up

Chapter 35 – Quiz

What is the 'Jennifer Aniston neuron' often cited as evidence for?

It processes language comprehension

It encodes specific visual representations

It triggers emotional response

It regulates motor coordination

None

What is meant by the 'technological sublime' in cognitive neuropsychology?

It describes brain plasticity

It refers to awe inspired by technology

It means scientific reductionism

It refers to narrative case studies

None

What research method did Gazzaniga famously use to explore hemispheric specialisation?

Lesion studies

Split-brain studies

Longitudinal EEG

Neurofeedback experiments

None

What does the Somatic Marker Hypothesis propose?

Memory is stored in the limbic system

Emotions guide decision-making

Attention is lateralised

Speech is modularised

None

What aspect of cognitive neuropsychology is associated with 'miniaturisation of selfhood'?

Holistic personality assessment

Reduction of complex mind to specific regions

Digital brain replication

Memory trace decay

None

Which technology is most associated with 'spectacular authority'?

EEG

fMRI

TMS

None

What is a common critique of fMRI?

It is too slow for clinical use

It creates misleading impressions of certainty

It ignores emotional states

It replaces behavioural methods

None

How does the chapter characterise the role of narrative in cognitive neuropsychology?

As a tool of overgeneralisation

As an important narrative method

As outdated

As a form of pseudoscience

None

Which brain structure is often linked with navigation skills in taxi drivers?

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cerebellum

Temporal lobe

None

10.

What is a danger of the 'mythical heroism' dimension of the technological sublime?

It improves scientific accuracy

It can elevate scientists into cultural icons

It encourages collaboration

It challenges media bias

None

11.

What does neurotheology seek to understand?

Linguistic processing

Neural correlates of spiritual experience

Moral development

Social cognition

None

12.

What is a critical concern about 'prediction and control' in cognitive neuropsychology?

It lacks replication

Overstates ability to forecast or manipulate behaviour

It ignores ethics

It favours AI over humans

None

13.

Cognitive neuropsychology focuses exclusively on individuals with brain damage.

True

False

None

14.

The 'Jennifer Aniston neuron' was discovered using EEG technology.

True

False

None

15.

Oliver Sacks is known for using narrative case studies as a form of psychological insight.

True

False

None

16.

Split-brain research demonstrated that each hemisphere of the brain functions identically.

True

False

None

17.

The technological sublime is a critical concept that explains the cultural impact of scientific imagery.

True

False

None

18.

The Somatic Marker Hypothesis claims that emotions interfere with rational decision-making.

True

False

None

19.

The technological sublime describes the emotional and cultural impact of technological representations of the ____.

20.

The hippocampus was shown to increase in size in ____ taxi drivers, due to intensive spatial navigation.

21.

The discovery of the 'Jennifer Aniston neuron' was made during treatment of patients with severe ____.

22.

Oliver Sacks is known for using ____ as a tool to explore neuropsychological phenomena.

23.

Mirror neurons were originally discovered in the brains of ____ monkeys.

24.

Gazzaniga's split-brain research explored how the brain's hemispheres communicate through the ____ callosum.

Time’s up

Chapter 36 – Quiz

What does the replication crisis primarily challenge in psychology?

Its funding structures

Its methods of knowledge production

Its use of technology

Its ethical practices

None

What is epistemic resilience?

Avoiding statistical errors

Building systems that withstand error and bias

Relying on larger sample sizes

Ignoring researcher bias

None

Which critical thinking tool is used to examine psychology's entanglement with power?

Objectivity

Reflexivity

Neutrality

Objectivism

None

The W.E.I.R.D. crisis revealed that most psychological research is based on which type of populations?

Global, Diverse, Inclusive, Equitable

Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, Democratic

Random, Uncontrolled, Diverse, Marginal

Eastern, Agrarian, Poor, Authoritarian

None

What concept suggests that all knowledge is produced from particular social, historical, and cultural contexts?

Objective Knowledge

Situated Knowledge

Universal Knowledge

Absolute Truth

None

What does the ecological crisis force psychology to reconsider?

The use of statistics in experiments

The assumption that individuals are separate from ecosystems

The need for larger sample sizes

The accuracy of statistical methods

None

Ontology refers to…

The study of experiments

The study of what kinds of things exist

The study of historical events

The study of statistical models

None

What is the looping effect?

How experiments always produce truth

How categories reshape the people they describe

How experiments measure natural truths

How theories become laws of nature

None

The legacy crisis in psychology is about…

Developing new therapies

Confronting psychology’s harmful historical legacy

Improving experiment designs

Expanding statistical methods

None

10.

Critical historiography refers to…

Writing history without bias

Recognising history as contested and shaped by power

Recording history chronologically

Preserving objective facts

None

11.

What is the key difference between human kinds and natural kinds?

Natural kinds are based on language; human kinds are biological

Human kinds are reflexive; natural kinds are stable

Human kinds are mind-independent; natural kinds are mind-dependent

There is no difference

None

12.

Which chapter of Kahneman's book was undermined by the replication crisis regarding priming research?

Chapter 1

Chapter 4

Chapter 10

Chapter 7

None

13.

The replication crisis revealed that psychology's knowledge production is entirely reliable.

True

False

None

14.

Reflexivity asks psychologists to examine how their own assumptions shape their research.

True

False

None

15.

The W.E.I.R.D. crisis showed that psychological research is generally representative of all human populations.

True

False

None

16.

The ecological crisis challenges psychology's assumption that the mind is disconnected from the natural world.

True

False

None

17.

Ontology refers to the study of what kinds of things exist.

True

False

None

18.

The looping effect explains how psychological categories have no impact on the people to whom they are applied.

True

False

None

19.

The __________ crisis revealed that many famous psychological studies could not be successfully replicated.

20.

Reflexivity asks psychologists to examine how their own __________, values, and positions influence their research.

21.

The W.E.I.R.D. crisis highlighted psychology's reliance on __________ populations.

22.

The ecological crisis forces psychology to reconsider the assumption that the person is an __________, self-contained individual.

23.

Ontology refers to the study of what kinds of things __________.

24.

The looping effect shows how psychological __________ reshape the people they describe.

Time’s up