Flashcards

One that affects the physical body, for example, heart disease, diabetes, or cancer can influence people’s thoughts, emotions and behaviour.

the interrelationship of how biological, psychological, social and cultural factors influence people’s physical health.

These are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

Long-term conditions lasting more than six months, they can be managed, but not fully cured.

Refers to shared common cultural values, customs, language, they may also have shared histories and traditions.

These people are the original inhabitants of a region or country, who have distinct languages, cultural, social and historical traditions that are closely tied to their ancestral lands and share a common history of having been dominated by non-Indigenous settlers.

Programmes or strategies to prevent disease, improve and manage physical health conditions.

Evaluations of health services or interventions to see if they meet a predetermined standard.

Will explore and assess and what a service has achieved in terms of health outcomes.

The active participation of patients and the public to help shape health research, services and policies.

Helping people to take control of and to improve health habits.

To detect diseases at an asymptomatic stage.

Healthcare professionals from different disciplines working together to provide integrated patient care.

persistent overwhelming tiredness that is not helped by sleep or rest and can persist for years.

Bringing attention to present moment thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations and the immediate environment, without judgement.

Getting patients nutritionally, emotionally and physically fit for treatment.

Help the patient recover from treatment or illness.

The shared rules or expectations for behaviour a group or society.

The assessment and treatment of physical, psychological and spiritual wellbeing in serious illness.

Comfort, dignity and quality of life in the final stages of a terminal illness.

The shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and traditions of a group or society.

The impact unequal or unfair care.

Negative attitudes or prejudice associated with marginalised identities.

The impacts of dominant countries taking over control of land, dominating Indigenous Peoples by subjugating their culture, values, language, knowledge and ways of life.

Some groups within society who are not afforded the same rights to healthcare as others or treated differently to marginalised identities.

Groups, such as the dominant culture holding more influence and access to resources which leads to inequality and inequity.

Providing everyone with the specific support that they require to live as healthy a life as possible.

Providing equal access to healthcare support.

The provision expert health psychology advice and guidance to clients.

Recognises that biomedical psychological and social factors can influence health and disease.

Views disease as being due to genetics, viruses, bacteria, chemical imbalances and trauma.

This is a process that involves colonised countries or peoples gaining independence, control of their land, culture and the right to self determination. It also includes challenging knowledge and practices based on Western-dominated perspectives related to healthcare and in psychology.

These are unequal power relations in which the dominant group or person makes decisions for and imposes their authority without consulting those who will be affected.

Viewing European culture, values and knowledge as being the acceptable standard or the standard that other cultures should aspire to, while devaluing other cultures and their knowledge.

Involves thinking and ways of understanding that are based on mainly European and or North American culture and scientific knowledge.

This is the concept of an individual or group having multiple identities, such as gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnicity, low educational attainment and low socioeconomic status.

This refers to trauma that is passed down from one generation to another that has psychological and physical health implications, even when descendants did not have direct exposure to the original traumatic events.

Knowledge of the impact that social and cultural factors have on patients from the non-dominant culture and the importance of being sensitive to such factors when communicating with patients and delivering care.

Involves being aware of cultural values, beliefs, traditions and knowledge of others’ culture and being respectful of them when interacting with or treating patients.

An individual’s thoughts and emotions can affect their physical health and physical health can affect thoughts and emotions.

An early explanation that imbalances of bodily humours (blood, phlegm black bile and yellow bile) caused disease.

Based on the views of Descartes that the mind and the body were separate, people’s thoughts and emotions could not affect physical health.

An approximation of the age that an individual is expected to live to based on their biological sex and age.

Having the skills, knowledge and ability to fin, understand and use health information.

Having a disease or being ill.

Inhaling others’ exhaled smoke from tobacco or the side-stream smoking of the tobacco.

Tendency to think and interpret other cultures and healthcare practices as inferior to your own.

The belief that everything has a spirit, ancestors, the land, animals and that they are all connected to the individual.

Trauma and pain that is passed down from previous generations, e.g. colonisation. The trauma that affects those who did not experience the original event.

Differences in health outcomes between groups of people, caused by a range of different factors e.g. poverty, educational level, discrimination and colonisation.

where the historically dominant culture takes over elements of a colonised culture, without understanding, respect or permission.

Unfair or unavoidable health differences that are caused by a range of factors e.g. poverty, educational level, culture, ethnicity, colonisation, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation.

Learning general facts about the lives, behaviours and beliefs of cultural groups that are different to your own.

Knowledge of the impact that social and cultural factors can have on people from the non-dominant culture and the importance of treating people with fairly and with respect.

The ability to recognise and reflect on power imbalances to ensure that people are safe from discriminatory actions, attitudes and judgements

the study of how diseases occur, spread, affect people and are controlled.

The number of people with a disease at a given time.

The number of new cases of a disease at a given time.

What exists, what we believe is real can be studied.

How we gain knowledge about things.

Data that are collected in a way that is unbiased, not affected by thoughts, emotions or opinions.

Results that are influence by personal thoughts, emotions or opinions.

Ways to collect numerical data that are analysed using statistical methods.

A statement or prediction that is testable using statistical methods.

Ways to collect words, pictures, documents to understand meaning and experiences.

An exploratory statement that a qualitative study will address.

A summary statistic, usually the mean, mode or median.

A statistic that shows how scores or values are spread out from the mean.

The extent to which a questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure.

How consistent the score of a questionnaire is over time and how well items in a questionnaire are related.

A study conducted over a period of time with the same people providing data at different timepoints, used to see if things change over time.

An inert substance, such as a tablet that contains no active ingredient.

The specific characteristics that a person must meet to take part in a study. The specific characteristics that studies must met to be included in a systematic review.

The specific characteristics that prevent a person from taking part in a study. The specific characteristics that prevent studies from being included in a systematic review.

A non statistical way of summarising the findings of a systematic review.

A method that combines the statistical results of studies that have been included within a systematic review.

The measure that the researcher considers to be the most important of several outcomes in a study.

A method that combines and synthesises the findings from individual qualitative studies that have been included with a systematic review.

Selecting participants on the basis that they have specific knowledge or experience of the topic or area that they study is addressing.

Four aspects of trustworthiness, credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability are used to assess the validity of qualitative studies, with the addition of reflexivity,

The use of quantitative and qualitative methods in the same study.

An Indigenous method of qualitative data collection that uses a respectful conversational technique.

A process in which ideas and explanations are synthesised to understand behaviour.

A structured plan used to check whether a research project or intervention achieved the intended goals.

Research that is conducted in collaboration with participants, who may help with the planning, study design, data collection, analysis and or dissemination.

Research that places people’s values, culture and knowledge at the heart of research.

Working with communities in a culturally respectful way, can include research and or intervention development.

Looking at various aspect of systems within a groups or society are interconnected.

Working in partnership with communities or organisations to ensure that knowledge gin through research is shared throughout the research process and not just at the end of a study.

Non-medical factors that can have impacts on health, for example, poverty, educational level, housing access to healthcare.

The inability of researchers to repeat a study and get the same or similar results.

Conducting multiple statistical analyses to find a result that is significant, rather than testing the originally specified hypotheses.

When researchers change the hypotheses of a study after seeing the results.

Placing the study methods and data analysis plans or the protocol for a systematic review in a open research forum.

Making science more transparent and accessible by sharing data, methods, and results openly.

The brain and spinal cord

A self-regulating system that regulates internal organs and glands and is involved in the stress response

Largest part of the brain, which has an outer layer called the cerebral cortex , responsible for most higher brain functions. It has two hemispheres, each having four lobes.

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain

Part of the brain associated with balance, coordination and fine motor movements.

Contains the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus that are involved in emotion, motivation, learning and memory.

Found within the limbic system, it processes information related to fear, stress and emotion.

It maintains homeostasis, regulates hunger, thirst, controls the sleep-wake cycle sexual behaviour and is plays a major role in the stress response

The body’s immediate reaction to stress, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and involves the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenaline and nor-adrenaline during the fight or flight response.

A network of glands that produce hormones. The pituitary and adrenal glands are involved in the tress response and the pancreas in diabetes.

The slower stress pathway that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex which secretes cortisol to help manage longer terms stress.

The heart, arteries and veins that transport oxygen and nutrients around the body.

The pressure of blood on the walls of arteries.

The build up of fatty deposits (plaques)on the walls of arteries that reduces the internal; diameter of the artery, restricting blood flow and contributed to cardiovascular disease.

An aging process whereby the arteries become less flexible.

Occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart muscle has been blocked.

Chest pain cause by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle.

the blood supply within the brain in compromised by a blockage due to a clot or less commonly there is haemorrhage. Both results in death of brain cells and cause some type of loss of function depending where within the brain that the stroke occurs.

A temporary blockage to the blood supply in the brain.

The nose, mouth and throat.

The trachea, bronchi, alveoli and lungs.

A progressive lungs disease that causes breathing difficulty, mucus production, breathlessness and fatigue.

Red blood cells that carry oxygen.

White blood cells that are part of the immune system

The body’s first line of defence against pathogens, includes the skin, lymphatic system, mucosal membranes in the mouth nose, airways, gastro-intestinal tract, reproductive system and specific leukocytes.

Creates immunity after exposure to specific pathogens

Fast acting cells that surround and ingest pathogens.

Engulf pathogens and through phagocytosis and signal other immune responses.

cells that destroy virus infected cells and cancerous cells through the release of chemicals.

Recognise and attack specific pathogens

Help to coordinate the immune response and send messages to other immune cells by indicating the location of pathogens.

The original site where the cancer first developed.

Cancer that has spread from the primary site to other part of the body

The pancreas does not produce insulin, thought to be due to the immune system attacking cells within the pancreas. An individual will be dependent on insulin to metabolise glucose.

The body become resistant to the effects of insulin; this type of diabetes is thought to be related to lifestyle factors such as obesity.

Excess accumulations of fat that is a risk to health.

A ratio of weight to height that can be used to classify people as being underweight, normal weight, overweight and various classes of obesity.

The waist measurement is divided by the hip measurement and provides a crude approximation of fat distribution.

The front, middle part of the hypothalamus, implicated in eating behaviours.

Outside part of hypothalamus linked with satiety

Eating for pleasure rather than because of feelings of hunger.

An environment that encourages eating of unhealthy foods and sedentary behaviour.

A medical condition diagnosed through objective signs and biomedical tests

The subjective effects of symptoms.

The explanations that people arrive at for the cause of illness

non-medical factors such as, income, education, employment, social support and belonging to a minoritised groups that influence people’s health and access to care.

Areas in which residents have poor housing, low incomes, high unemployment, lower educational levels and access to services is limited.

A significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to learn new skills, with a reduced ability to cope independently, which started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development.

An individual’s record of their preferences for future healthcare and treatment.

Areas where people have limited access to affordable, health and nutritious food due to a lack of supermarkets or shops that sell fresh foods.

Building on the skills, resources and abilities of what people and communities already do well to empower them to achieve positive health outcomes.

Focuses on an individual’s or and community’s problems or limitations, with the aims of fixing deficits.

Active participation of patients, carers and the public in helping to design, change and evaluate health care services and or research.

Interventions or practices that are based on the values, beliefs, and traditions of a specific cultural group.

An individual’s ability to engage in physical tasks such as walking, muscular strength and activities required for daily living.

Medication that reduces or suppresses the immune response, usually used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs.

Involves active engagement in making health lifestyle choices, treatment related decisions and attendance at health-related appointments

Making an active decision no to adhere to medical advice, treatment or attend appointments. Intentional non adherence can also include partial adherence.

Usually related to forgetting to take medication or attend appointments or not understanding the health advice or instructions provided by a healthcare professional.

Being able to read, understand and use health information to make health decisions about taking medication or attending appointments.

The ability to actively engage in conversations and decision making with healthcare professionals, asking questions and applying health information to daily living.

To critical analyse health information, evaluate relevance of the information and engage in critical thinking about healthcare policies and advocate for change.

A scale that measures more than one aspect of the topic being assessed.

Text is translated into from the original language into the target language and translated back into the original language by another person.

Healthcare than is tailored to the needs of transgender people.

When an individual cannot understand information to make informed decisions about their own healthcare due to learning disability, age, severe mental health problems or other conditions and problems that impact on cognitive ability.

Not taking the full dose of a prescribed medication.

The use of multiple medications at the same time.

A month of fasting from dawn to sunset that occurs annually in the Muslim faith.

Medication prescribed for an individual who has HIV, to suppress the immune system and prevent the development of AIDs.

A preventative medication taken by people who are HIV negative to reduce the risk of contracting HIV.

Words or phrases that are used to generalise beliefs to all people within certain groups, usually based on ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, gender identity and sexual orientation.

Behaviours that are beneficial to health e.g. healthy eating, physical activity, vaccinations, preventative screening.

Behaviours that are detrimental to health, e.g. smoking, binge drinking, risky sexual behaviours.

A type of associative learning based on reflexive behaviours.

A type of learning based on voluntary behaviours that can be shaped by schedules of reinforcement.

Observational learning that includes modelling the behaviour of others.

Learning from the experience of others.

A person’s belief in their own ability to accomplish a task or behaviour.

The beliefs that people have over the control of their own health and health behaviours.

A social cognition model that tries to understand why people engage in health behaviours, based on perceived threat, modifying factors and likelihood of action.

Internal (symptoms)or external factors (the media or healthcare invitations) that influence health behaviours.

X-rays that are used to examine the breasts for cancer.

A five-stage model used to explain behaviour that includes processes of change, self efficacy and decisional balance.

A model used to predict behavioural intention, based on attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control.

The inability to convert intentions into actions.

A structured way to describe, design and evaluate interventions that moves people from intention to action by focusing factors that influence behaviour.

The smallest precisely defined active ingredients used in interventions.

A model that incorporates Western and Indigenous knowledge, values and beliefs, so that Indigenous Peoples can benefit from both.

Represents a holistic Indigenous approach to health and healing that values harmony and connectedness in all aspects of life.

An indigenous model that has been used to guide the development of health interventions.

the unfair or unequal treatment of individuals or groups based on ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, being from an Indigenous group.

a negative attitude or belief that someone holds about others who are perceived to be different.

A stimulus or event that is external to the person that triggers a stress response. Stress can also be a physiology response of the body to a stressful event or situation. Stress can be the relationship between the stressor and the person’s perceived ability to cope with it.

The body’s stable internal (resting) environment.

A three-stage model (alarm, resistance and exhaustion) to explain how the body responds physiologically to stress.

The cumulation of the wear and tear on the body because of exposure to chronic stress.

The initial stage in the cognitive evaluation of a stressor, that is used to judge whether the stressor is irrelevant, benign and positive, a threat and harmful or a threat and a challenge.

After primary appraisal, secondary appraisal involves the assessment of perceived ability to cope and available resources.

How people generally respond to stressful events,

Directly dealing with the stressful event.

Trying to ignore the stressful event by engaging in other activities.

Taking direct action to deal with the stressors by focusing on the stressor.

Trying to change the emotional response to stress, rather than dealing with the problem directly.

Help received from others to buffer stress that can be emotional, instrumental, informational, appraisal and companionship.

How psychological factors, the immune system and nervous system are interrelated and exert impacts on immune status.

The extent to which an individual’s physiological systems respond to stress.

Changes to heart rate and blood pressure because of stress.

Subtle day to say discriminatory events that can be intentional or unintentional.

Associated with individuals who are competitive, ambitious, perfectionists and time driven.

Associated with individuals who have low levels of competitiveness, relaxed and easy going.

People who are resilient to stress due to commitment, control and challenge.

People who have a general expectation that good things will happen in the future, they docus on positive outcomes.

Intentionally hiding some aspect of identity, often to avoid discrimination or stigma.

Laws, systems, organisational in society unfairly disadvantage minoritised groups.

The individual believes and feels ashamed and accepts the negative beliefs that others express about some aspect of their identity.

Having a perspective that considers European cultural values, experiences and knowledge as being the norm, overlooking or viewing other cultures and world views less favourably

A type of fat found in the blood, high levels are linked with heart disease.

Considered as the ‘bad’ type of cholesterol that contributes to atherosclerosis.

Considered as the ‘good’ type of cholesterol that is protective against heart disease.

Working under higher pressure (psychological or physical), but having little no decision-making ability, which can contribute to stress.

A work contract with no guaranteed hours, workers are only paid for the hours that they work, which can lead to financial worries and stress.

The amount of autonomy a person has over when and how they work,

A marker in the blood that provides an indication of inflammation and can be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

A cluster of conditions that include abdominal fat, hypertension and high LDL cholesterol.

Discriminatory attitudes, behaviours and or prejudice towards others that the person is unaware of.

Deliberate discriminatory attitudes, behaviours and or prejudice that towards others.

Research studies used to test the safety or efficacy of medications in humans.

A viral infection that causes liver inflammation, which can lead to cancer

A group of progressive diseases that affect memory and everyday tasks.

A sexually transmitted infection, some types can increase the risk of cervical, head and neck cancers.

A test to detect cervical cancer at an asymptomatic stage, it involves a cervical smear test.

Involves the use of a special x-ray (mammogram) to detect breast cancer at an asymptomatic stage.

Data that has already been collected by someone else as part of a large dataset that can be used at a later date for research purposes.

A test to detect bowel cancer at a asymptomatic stage, usually involves collection of a very small sample of poo that is tested for hidden blood.

An individual’s; ability to understand, retain and consider information to make an informed decision about healthcare.

A test used to detect prostate cancer, usually involves a blood test and rectal examination.

Fat that is stored around the internal organs and is associated with a increased risk of heart disease.

Fat that is stored just underneath the skin, less harmful than visceral fat.

An excess of fat around the waistline, which is linked with obesity, increased cardiovascular disease and T2DM.

Prescribed drugs used to treat symptoms associated with server mental health conditions.

A blood test that provides an average measure of blood glucose over the previous two or three months.

Short term pain related to injury, tissue damage or illness, it has survival value in that itis a warning something is wrong.

Pain that lasts beyond the expected recovery time and it can be a condition on its own.

Separate receptors and nerve pathways for different sensations.

Distinct types of pain are due to the pattern of impulses from nerve endings.

Pain signals can be modulated by a gate within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

The location of the gate within the spinal cord that can block or permit pain signals getting to the brain.

Myelinated nerve fibres involved in fast transmission of well localised sharp pain signals.

Unmyelinated nerve signals that transmit pain more slowly that A delta fibres, pain is characteristically dull and diffuse.

Large diameter nerve fibres that transmit non painful signals such as touch and pressure.

Pain is not just received by the central nervous system but can be generated within the CNS itself.

Pain that is experienced in a limb, even though it has been amputated.

A chronic condition that is characterised by widespread pain, bodily tender points and fatigue.

Thinking about pain in an overly exaggerated negative way.

Repetitive thinking about the same negative thoughts or problems.

Simultaneous discrimination from two sources, the general population and from within the LGBTQI+ community.

Pain that originates from the muscles, bones, joints, ligaments and or tendons.

Using the hands to feel the body to detect areas of tension, imbalances which are interpreted by an Indigenous healer

Having excessive worry of fear of having a serious illness, which may be due to interpretation of bodily symptoms.

A strong analgesic drug used to treat severe pain, which carries the risk of addiction.

A psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people to identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours.

These are spontaneous thoughts that may focus on negative outcomes related to pessimism, self criticism or fear.

A holistic type of care than includes physical, emotion, social and spiritual needs, that can be introduced at any stage of progressive or serious life limiting disease.

A disease that gets worse over time, leading to increased symptoms burden and eventual loss of life.

An approach to care that responds to individual patient needs, preferences and values.

A type of care that may be provided alongside palliative care for symptom control. It can also refer to a place where end of life care is provided.

A group of healthcare professional from different disciplines (e.g. doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, social workers, etc). who work together to provide the best care for a patient.

Medical care and support that helps with symptom management, comfort and dignity when a person is dying.

A way in which an individual can make decisions about future healthcare in case they are unable to communicate their wishes. It may include types of treatment and where they would like to receive that care

A written, witnessed, legal document that details the specific treatments that an individual does not want to receive should they become unable to communicate.

The ability of an individual to understand and retain information in order that they can make informed decisions about their healthcare and communicate these decisions.

An emergency technique that involves chest compression to pump blood to the brain and often combined with rescue breaths to provide oxygen for someone who has stopped breathing.

A machine such as a ventilated that assist or completely takes over an individual’s breathing.

Delivery of nutrition through a tube into the stomach or intestines, usually used when a person cannot eat.

A term used by some Indigenous People to describe death and traditional ceremonial practices that take pace after death that honours the person and their transition into the spirit world.