- Multiple Choice Questions - BPS Core Textbooks Series

Chapter 1 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 5

1. Question

Who is often credited as the founder of experimental psychology?

1. Descartes

2. Ebbinghaus

3. Vygotsky

4. Plato

Question 2 of 5

2. Question

What is meant by the term introspection, pioneered by Wundt?

1. Experimenters coming up with experimental insights by reflecting on their inner mental processes

2. Experimenters observing participants and inferring their inner mental processes

3. Participants being asked to describe their inner mental experiences

4. Participants inferring the goal of the experiment and thus biasing experiemntal results

Question 3 of 5

3. Question

Many pinpoint the birth of congitive psychology to which year?

1. 1956

2. 1946

3. 1966

4. 1976

Question 4 of 5

4. Question

What are ‘connectionist models’?

1. A class of semantic model used to model aspects of concept learning and speech

2. A class of computational model used to decipher the structural connections in the brain

3. A type of computational model that are used to model aspects of human behaviour using artificial neural netowrks as simplified models of the brain

4. A type of information processing model used to understand conscious semantic processing and the connections between concepts in the brain

Question 5 of 5

5. Question

In an PET experiment by Squire and colleagues (1992), priming was associated with what brian activity?

1. Decreased bloodflow in the right parahippocampal gyrus

2. Increased bloodflow in the right parahippocampal gyrus

3. Increased bloodflow in the extrastriate occipital cortex

4. Reduced bloodflow in the extrastriate occipital cortex
Chapter 2 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 14

1. Question

What is a “divergent problem”?

1. A problem requiring both verbal and visuo-spatial thinking

2. A problem that has only one correct answer

3. A problem that has multiple possible correct answers

4. A problem requiring visuo-spatial thinking only

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Question 2 of 14

2. Question

What is an “insight problem”?

1. Problems that are typically solved with a sudden flash of the knowledge of the solution

2. Problems solved through incremental, analytic processes that slowly progress toward a solution

3. Problems that are solved through fast analytical reasoning

4. Problems that are solved through slow analytical reasoning

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Question 3 of 14

3. Question

What is an “ill-defined problem”?

1. When a problem statement contains all the information required to solve it

2. When a problem statement is missing some of the information needed to solve it

3. When a problem statement contains none of the information required to solve it

4. A problem whose operators are well-defined, but whose goal state is vague

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Question 4 of 14

4. Question

A point of impasse during a problem is a…

1. Point where you feel stuck and are unable to progress toward finding a solution

2. Point where you reach an "Aha!" moment and find the solution

3. Point where you restructure the initial state of the problem in order to find a solution

4. Point where you feel the solution is almost solved

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Question 5 of 14

5. Question

The incubation phenomenon is where…

1. Problems are restructured until an "Aha!" moment is reached

2. Problems are focused on exclusively until the solution is reached

3. Problems are set aside for some time, and working on another unrelated task facilitates reaching the initial solution

4. Problems are set aside whilst it is still at the forefront of consciousness

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Question 6 of 14

6. Question

What view does the “special-process account” describe?

1. That both implicit and explicit reasoning are key factors in problem solving

2. That explicit reasoning is a key factor in problem solving

3. That problem restructuring comes about through an analytical conscious process

4. That problem restructuring comes about through ineffable processes that functions at a non-conscious level

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Question 7 of 14

7. Question

What idea did the “verbal overshadowing” experiments, such as Schooler et al (1993) initially support?

1. That conscious verbal processing facilitates problem solving speed

2. That explicit reasoning is crucial to problem solving

3. Incubation

4. The special-process acount

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Question 8 of 14

8. Question

Which side of the brain is specialised for semantic processing concerned with detailed analysis of meaning?

1. The left hemisphere

2. The right hemisphere

3. Neither

4. Both

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Question 9 of 14

9. Question

Which side of the brain is specialised for coarse semantic processing less concerned with detailed analysis of meaning?

1. The left hemisphere

2. The right hemisphere

3. Neither

4. Both

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Question 10 of 14

10. Question

Neuroimaging studies support the idea that insight arises from…

1. A constellation of language networks across both the right and left hemispheres

2. Diffuse semantic processing in the left hemisphere

3. Diffuse semantic processing in the right hemisphere

4. Diffuse semantic processing the cerebellum

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Question 11 of 14

11. Question

What is productive thinking?

1. Thinking involving the left and right hemispheres

2. Thinking involving novel restructuring of the problem

3. Thinking involving involving both explicit and implicit analytical reasoning

4. Thinking involving systematic reasoning based on the re-use of past experiences and existing knowledge

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Question 12 of 14

12. Question

What is reproductive thinking?

1. Thinking involving the left and right hemispheres

2. Thinking involving novel restructuring of the problem

3. Thinking involving involving both explicit and implicit analytical reasoning

4. Thinking involving systematic reasoning based on the re-use of past experiences and existing knowledge

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Question 13 of 14

13. Question

The maximisation heuristic ensures that…

1. A decision enables as much progress as possible toward achieving the goal

2. All possible cognitive resources are utilised in order to solve a problem

3. As much cognitive energy as possible is conserve during problem solving

4. Reproductive thinking is utilised as much as possible to move toward the goal state

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Question 14 of 14

14. Question

Crucial examples of similarities between problems include:

1. superficial similarity

2. structural similarity

3. divergent similarity

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Chapter 3 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

According to Runco and Jaeger’s (2012) definition, creativity requires

1. Originality

2. Intelligence

3. Effectiveness

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

What are participants required to do in the Alternative Uses Task (AUT)?

1. Report as many uses as possible for a familiar object that is different from its typical use

2. Report as many objects as possible of a particular characteristic named by the experimenter

3. Report as many objects as possible that could be used with a given verb provided by the experimenter

4. None of the above

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

Responses to the AUT can be measured in terms of which criteria?

1. Fluency, speed, flexibility, enthusiasm

2. Fluency, speed, flexibility, originality

3. Fluency, elaboration, flexibility, originality

4. Fluency, speed, flexibility

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

What is one of the most consistent observations of the AUT?

1. Responses become increasingly unusual

2. Responses become increasingly original

3. Responses start off as mundane

4. All of the above

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

What memory task is the AUT particularly similar to?

1. Delayed recall task

2. Semantic fluency task

3. Recognition task

4. Visual fluency task

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

When is the default mode network typically engaged?

1. During the brain's resting state and mind wandering

2. During states of high cognitive activity

3. During hight states of stress

4. During sleep and imaginative thinking

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

What is meant by attribute finding?

1. The search for similarities in pre-generated original ideas

2. An exploratory process during which an abstract interpretation is derived from an initial idea

3. The search for emergent features in generated concepts/combinations of them

4. An exploratory process during which the potential uses of an idea are considered

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

The assumption that creativity is about retrieving remote associates of a given stimulus whilst inhibiting the retrieval of common associates, is central to which theory?

1. The remote association theory

2. The blind variation model

3. The semantic fluency model

4. The Geneplore model

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Luft et al (2018) found that right temporal alpha transcranial stimulation had what effect on creative thinking?

1. No significant effect

2. Increased production of remote ideas in divergent thinking tasks

3. Decreased production of remote ideas in divergent thinking tasks

4. Decreased scores on the AUT

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

What is deliberate practice?

1. A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks oflow difficulty and are provided with highly critical feedback so they have the opportunity to correct their errors

2. A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks of a difficulty level that exceeds their current level of skill

3. A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks of high difficulty and are provided with highly critical feedback so they have the opportunity to correct their errors

4. A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks of moderate difficulty and are provided with informative feedback so they have the opportunity to correct their errors

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

Relating to chess, what is a template?

1. An schema-based knowledge structure consisting of a mix of fixed and variable information about chess pieces and their relative configurations

2. An schema-based knowledge structure consisting of variable information about chess pieces and their relative configurations

3. An schema-based knowledge structure consisting of fixed and variable information about chess pieces and their relative configurations

4. None of the above

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

What model incorporates both personal and environmental factors in the development of talent?

1. The genetics model of skill-based learning (Ullén et al, 2016)

2. The multifactorial gene-environment interaction model (Ullén et al, 2016)

3. The deliberate practice model

4. The 10,000 hour rule model

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Chapter 4 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

Which of the following is deductive reasoning?

1. Probabilistic inferences

2. Probabilistic inferences that are necessary conclusions given the premises

3. Deterministic inferences, i.e. necessay conclusions from given premises

4. Deterministic inferences that are not necessary conclusions given the premises

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

Which of the following is inductive reasoning?

1. Probabilistic inferences

2. Probabilistic inferences that are necessary conclusions given the premises

3. Deterministic inferences, i.e. necessay conclusions from given premises

4. Deterministic inferences that are not necessary conclusions given the premises

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

Which of the following are valid forms of reasoning?

1. Modus tollens

2. Modus ponens

3. None of the above

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

Denial of the antecedent is an example of what?

1. deterministic inference

2. inductive reasoning

3. Modus ponens

4. Logical fallacy

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

Mental models theories of conditional reasoning posit that people have…

1. underlying deductive ability whose demonstration is thwarted by limitations in processing capacity

2. innate deductive ability that is consistently demonstrated in tests of logic

3. underlying inductive ability whose demonstration is thwarted by limitations in processing capacity

4. innate inductive ability that is consistently demonstrated in tests of logic

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

What does the abstract Wason selection task measure?

1. a mixture of inductive and deductive reasoning

2. hypothesis testing using a conditional rile of the form "if p then q"

3. deductive reasoning alone

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

What is the “matching bias” in abstract selection tasks?

1. the tendency to avoid cards that are named in the presented rules of the task

2. the tendency to select cards that are named in the presented rules of the task

3. the tendency to select cards that are unmentioned in the presented rules of the task

4. None of the above

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

How can Type 1 processes be described?

1. intuitive

2. deliberate

3. associative

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Abstract and thematic selection tasks….

1. Both use realistic contexts to assess decision making

2. Differ in that the latter asks whether rules are true are false and the former asks whether a rule has been violated

3. Differ in that the former asks whether rules are true are false and the latter asks whether a rule has been violated

4. Differ in that the former use realistic contexts to assess decision making

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

What is the “atmosphere effect”?

1. The effect of mood on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

2. The effect of room temperature on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

3. The effect of location's climate on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

4. The effect of various psychometric scores (e.g. depression level) on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

Which of the following are proposed by the tripartite model, developed by Stanovich (2009, 2011, 2012)?

1. Type 2 processing consists of two seperable components: the "autonomous mind" and the "mindware"

2. Type 2 processing consists of two seperable components: the "algorithmic mind" and the "mindware"

3. Type 1 processing does not vary much between individuals

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

What is myside bias?

1. The tendency to interpret information in a way that is consistent with one’s own prior beliefs

2. The tendency to interpret information in a way that is inconsistent with one’s own prior beliefs

3. The tendency to interpret information in a way that is inconsistent with one’s social circle's beliefs

4. None of the above

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Chapter 5 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 14

1. Question

What does the term ‘concept’ refer to?

1. A set of items that are the same in some way

2. the mental representation of a category

3. a category

4. a collection of instances treated as if they are the same

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Question 2 of 14

2. Question

What do categories and concepts help us achieve?

1. generalisation

2. predicition

3. analogous reasoning

4. All of the above

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Question 3 of 14

3. Question

Which of the following best capture the idea of ‘cognitive economy’?

1. Representing objects by concepts, saving mental resources

2. Storing each individual memory separately, allowing for more accurate recall

3. Representing objects by concepts, improving accurate recall

4. Representing objects by exemplars, saving mental resources

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Question 4 of 14

4. Question

Which of the following are challenges with defining categories?

1. there are unclear boundaries between categories

2. categories are well-defined

3. in general, all examples within categories are equally fitting members of that category

4. None of the above

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Question 5 of 14

5. Question

What levels of categorisation did Rosch et al (1976) argue for?

1. a superordinate, a basic, and a subordinate level

2. a superordinate, a basic, and a subordinate level

3. a superior, a basic, and a subordinate level

4. a superior, an ordinate, and an inferior level

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Question 6 of 14

6. Question

Within Rosch’s levels of categorisation, what would a ‘bird’ fall under?

1. ordinate level

2. superordinate level

3. basic level

4. subordinate level

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Question 7 of 14

7. Question

What is a critique of category learning research in the 1950s and 60s?

1. The assumption that category learning is stationary across development

2. The lack of control over the use of rule-based versus similarity-based learning

3. The conflation of rule-based versus similarity-based learning

4. The assumption that artificial catgories behave like real-world categories

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Question 8 of 14

8. Question

What is an issue with the classical view of concepts?

1. it predicts that category membership is unambiguous

2. its key assumptions did not survive empirical investigations in the 1970s

3. it assumes that all members of a category are equally representative

4. All of the above

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Question 9 of 14

9. Question

In the prototype model, what are instances of concepts grouped by?

1. features that are necessary but not (necessarily) sufficient

2. family resemblance

3. features that are both necessary and sufficient

4. typicality

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Question 10 of 14

10. Question

Which theory is best supported by the finding that categorisation was more strongly correlated with training examples, rather than the amount of typical features? (Medin and Schaffer, 1978)

1. Protoype models

2. Hierarchical network models

3. Exemplar-based theories

4. Connectionist models

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Question 11 of 14

11. Question

What separates the ‘grounded cognition’ approach from other models of categorisation?

1. It is not amodal

2. It is amodal

3. It assumes that mental representations of concepts are stored in a neural system separate from other systems (e.g. movement, preception, etc.)

4. It argues that concepts are not rooted in perception and action, but are separate

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Question 12 of 14

12. Question

What concept types are grounded cognition approaches particularly challenged by?

1. concepts of high typicality

2. abstract and concrete concepts

3. concrete concepts

4. abstract concepts

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Question 13 of 14

13. Question

What do hub and spoke models argue that conceptual representation require?

1. an interaction between modality-specific and mulitmodal conceptual hub areas

2. an interaction between modality-specific, mulitmodal, and amodal conceptual hub areas

3. an interaction between mulitmoda and amodal conceptual hub areas

4. an interaction between modality-specific and amodal conceptual hub areas

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Question 14 of 14

14. Question

What are ad-hoc categories?

1. a novel category constructed spontaneously that is an established memory and requires a context

2. a stable category constructed over development to achieve a particular goal that is currently relevant

3. a novel category constructed spontaneously to achieve a particular goal that is currently relevant

4. a category constructed over the course of development that is an established memory

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Chapter 6 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 10

1. Question

What is the difference between normativism and descriptive approaches in decision making research?

1. The former attempts to understand how we "should" perform, whereas the latter explores what individuals actually do during decision making

2. The former explores what individuals actually do during decision making, whereas the latter attempts to understand how we "should" perform

3. The former explores the role of risk during decision making, whereas the latter explores what individuals actually do during decision making

4. The former explores what individuals actually do during decision making, whereas the latter explores the role of risk in decision making

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Question 2 of 10

2. Question

Which of the following describes the availibility heuristic?

1. the probability of an event can be estimated using analogous reasoning

2. the probability of an event can be estimated on the basis of how easy or difficult it is to retrieve instances of that event from memory

3. the probability of an event can be estimated statistically

4. the probability of an event can be estimated by assessing the degree to which an instance aligns with one’s idea of a typical or representative member of a category

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Question 3 of 10

3. Question

Which of the following describes the representativeness heuristic?

1. the probability of an event can be estimated on the basis of how easy or difficult it is to retrieve instances of that event from memory

2. the probability of an event can be estimated using analogous reasoning

3. the probability of an event can be estimated by assessing the degree to which an instance aligns with one’s idea of a typical or representative member of a category

4. the probability of an event can be estimated statistically

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Question 4 of 10

4. Question

Which heuristic is the conjunction fallacy driven by?

1. the representativeness heuristic

2. the availibility heuristic

3. the representativeness and availibility heuristic

4. None of the above

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Question 5 of 10

5. Question

What is the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic?

1. a probabilistic judgment estimated by assessing the degree to which an instance aligns with one’s idea of a typical or representative member of a category

2. the probability of an event can be estimated on the basis of how easy or difficult it is to retrieve instances of that event from memory

3. a probabilistic judgment by using a final value (anchor) and then adjusting backwards to arrive at a starting value

4. a probabilistic judgment by using a starting value (anchor) and then adjusting from this to arrive at a final value

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Question 6 of 10

6. Question

What is a common critique of the original experiments assessing heuristics and judgement biases?

1. The probability questions provide insufficient clues to its underlying causal structure

2. The probability questions are not based on naturalistic settings

3. None of the above

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Question 7 of 10

7. Question

In dual-process theories of judgement, what does System 1 thinking encompass?

1. Fast, automatic, implicit cognition

2. Slow, effortful, consciously monitored cognition

3. Slow, implicit, automatic cognition

4. Fast, automatic cognition

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Question 8 of 10

8. Question

In dual-process theories of judgement, what does System 2 thinking encompass?

1. Fast, automatic, implicit cognition

2. Slow, effortful, consciously monitored cognition

3. Slow, implicit, automatic cognition

4. Fast, automatic cognition

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Question 9 of 10

9. Question

Which of the following is a limitation to System 1 and System 2 thinking?

1. The lack of clarity on the seriality of System 1 and System 2

2. The assumption that System 2 is reflective and effortful

3. The assumption of parallel System 1 and System 2 thinking

4. The sequential assumption, i.e. the assumption that System 1 must precede System 2 thinking

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Question 10 of 10

10. Question

What was proposed by De Neys (e.g. 2014) to address the challenges of the dual-process theory of judgement?

1. That System 1 and System 2 operate serially

2. That System 1 and System 2 operate in parallel

3. That the initial stage of System 1 can be followed by a subsequent stage of System 2

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Chapter 7 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

Which of the following statements regarding saccades and fixations is true?

1. Fixations are periods of time when the eyes are still; Saccades are rapid eye movements lasting 20-60ms

2. Fixations are periods of time when the eyes are still; Saccades are rapid eye movements lasting 200-600ms

3. Fixations are are rapid eye movements lasting 200-600ms; Saccades are periods of time when the eyes are still

4. Fixations are periods of time when the eyes are still lasting 20-60ms; Saccades are rapid eye movements lasting the same amount of time as fixations

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

During which process do we acquire information while reading a piece of text?

1. Saccades

2. Regressions

3. Fixations

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

The Interactive Activation and Competition (IAC) model by McClelland and Rumelhart describes what process?

1. The perception of words on a page

2. The recognition of words

3. Saccade planning

4. Perceptual span

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

What is the word superiority effect?

1. The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is the first letter presented, regardless of whether it is in a word or non-word

2. The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is the first or last letter presented when it is presented in a word but not a non-word

3. The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is presented in a non-word than in a word

4. The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is presented in a word than in a non-word

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

What is word frequency?

1. How frequently a word is used in a language

2. The percentage of people who know a specific word

3. How frequently a word is used in a particular geographical region

4. None of the above

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

What are participants required to do in a lexical decision task?

1. Fill in the missing letters of a given word as quickly as possible

2. Make estimates of how frequently a presented word is used in a given geographical region

3. Make estimates of how frequently a presented word is used in a given language

4. Make choices about whether or not a presented letter string is a word or a non-word

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

What is the neighbourhood size (or N) of the word “CALL”?

1. 3

2. <10

3. >10

4. 1

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

Which of the following statements regarding dyslexia is true?

1. Surface dyslexia is an impairment in the ability to read irregular or exception words

2. Surface dyslexia is an impairment in the ability to read pseudowords

3. Phonological dyslexia is an impairment in the ability to read pseudowords

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Regarding the Dual-Route Cascaded (DRC) model, which of the following statements are true?

1. It has three routes: The sublexical, and two direct lexical routes

2. Route 1 is a serial processer that processes one grapheme at a time

3. Route 2 accesses the semantic system, and then the sound representation of the words

4. All of the above

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

According to Seidenberg and McClelland’s (1989) Triangle Model, learning to read involves mapping between what?

1. Orthographic, phonological, and semantic codes which represent a word

2. Orthographic and semantic codes which represent a word

3. Phonological and semantic codes which represent a word

4. Orthographic and phonological codes which represent a word, and grapheme conversion rules

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

What does articulatory suppression aim to suppress?

1. Reading aloud

2. Inner speech during reading

3. Skim reading

4. Understanding during reading

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

What does the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) aim to eliminate?

1. The use of eye movements that assist with text processing

2. Blinking

3. Skim reading

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Chapter 8 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

What is the Ganong effect?

1. The fact that different mouth shapes influence the pronounciation of sounds occurring next to each other

2. Perception of an ambiguous sound favours a solution that creates a non-word rather than a word

3. Perception of an ambiguous sound favours a solution that creates a word rather than a non-word

4. The fact that speech sounds or phonemes that we produce vary according to the sounds that we produce immediately before and/or after them

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

What are typical findings from the visual world paradigm when participants are asked to move the picture object during the task?

1. There are more eye fixations to phonologically related distractors than to the unrelated distractor

2. There are more fixations to the high than to the low frequency related distractor

3. There are more eye fixations to the unrelated distractor

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

According to the Cohort model of spoken word recognition…

1. As a speech signal is perceived a set of potential words that the signal could be becomes activated

2. spoken word recognition comprises three levels of units: input feature units; phoneme units; output word units

3. spoken word recognition comprises two levels of units: input feature units and phoneme units

4. spoken word recognition comprises two levels of units: input feature units and output word units

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

What is the McGurk effect?

1. A sound reflecting a blend of lexical and visual input

2. A sound reflecting a blend of auditory and visual input

3. The same as the neighbourhood effect

4. None of the above

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

What is the distinction between fluent and non-fluent aphasias?

1. Non-fluent aphasias involve damage to the anterior speech area, affecting motor speech production, whereas fluent aphasias involve more posterior lesions

2. Non-fluent aphasias involve damage to the posterior speech area, affecting comprehension of meaning, whereas fluent aphasias involve more anterior lesions

3. Non-fluent aphasias involve damage to the posterior speech area, whereas fluent aphasias affect motor speech production

4. Fluent aphasias affect motor speech production, whereas non-fluent aphasias impact speech comprehension

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

Which of the following statements apply to the WEAVER ++ model?

1. When a picture is seen, the lexical concept of the object becomes activated. This activation sends further activations to related concepts, as well as to its lemma node containing syntactic information about the word

2. There is a lemma retrieval layer, and a concept layer

3. It is a discrete two step model, contrasting with Dell's interactive model

4. All of the above

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

What are some similarities between the WEAVER ++ and Dell’s model?

1. Both propose interactive layers

2. Both contain only one planning level

3. Both propose sublexical units (e.g. phonemes)

4. None of the above

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

What is dysgraphia?

1. An impairment in the ability to produce written representation of language

2. An impairment in the ability to use inner speech

3. An impairment in the ability to read using inner speech

4. An impairment in the ability to read written language

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Regarding bilinguilism, what did an experiment by Kirsner et al (1980) find?

1. Priming was found between words of two languages, suggesting a shared storage space

2. No priming was found between words of two languages, suggesting separate storage spaces

3. Participants in the English-Hindi and the Hindi-English conditions showed faster response times compared to the comparison conditions

4. Participants in the English-English and the Hindi-Hindi conditions showed slower response times compared to the comparison conditions

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

Regarding bilinguilism, according to Harley (2014), most of the evidence provides support for…

1. Separate lexicons for each language

2. Ongoing activation of both languages

3. Ongoing activation of one language

4. A single lexicon

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

What did Bialystok et al (2007) find regarding bilingual patients diagnosed with dementia?

1. Bilingual patients showed symptoms 10 years later than monolingual patients

2. Bilingual patients showed symptoms 4 years later than monolingual patients

3. Bilingual patients showed symptoms 4 years earlier than monolingual patients

4. Bilingual patients showed symptoms 10 year searlier than monolingual patients

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

Which of the following happens to language with age?

1. Sentence processing is preserved

2. Language production declines

3. Automatic access of lexical representations remains stable

4. All of the above

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Chapter 9 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

What are the 3 components of memory as first proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968?

1. procedural, semantic, autobiographical

2. sensory, motor, perceptual

3. working, short-term, long-term

4. sensory, short-term, long-term

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

What is chunking?

1. a method of integrating pieces or units of information that increases the capacity of the long-term store

2. a method of integrating pieces or units of information that increases the capacity of the short-term store

3. a task in which digits are presented rapidly until an unpredictable point at which a participant must recall the items from the end of the list

4. a task in which participants hear a series of digits and repeat them back in the same order as they were presented

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

Which of the following is not relevant for the evidence of the distinction between short-term and long-term memory?

1. free recall task

2. Patient H.M.

3. neuroimaging of regional specificity

4. none of the above

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

How is the levels of processing theory different than multi-store models?

1. instead of separate memory stores, it instead argues that an item’s memorability is determined by the level of processing it receives at the encoding stage

2. It was proposed prior to the multi-store model

3. it suggests that the greater the depth of processing, the less elaborate the memory trace produced for an item due to fatigue

4. it can only be applied to verbal tasks

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

Why do we remember some information more than others?

1. self-reference

2. transfer-appropriate processing

3. encoding specificity

4. all of the above

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

Which of the following is not one of the subcomponents of working memory?

1. phonological loop

2. semantic buffer

3. visuo-spatial sketchpad

4. central executive system

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

Which of the following is an alternative theory of working memory?

1. levels of processing

2. computer simulation

3. controlled attention

4. unitary processing

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

What are the 4 long-term memory systems proposed by Schacter and Tulving in 1994?

1. perceptual, procedural, episodic, semantic

2. perceptual, motor, cognitive, sensory

3. molecular, systems, cognitive, behavioral

4. perceptual, motor, episodic, semantic

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Non-declarative memory include

1. perceptual representation system

2. procedural

3. episodic

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

Which brain region is more specifically associated with episodic memory?

1. hippocampus

2. temporal cortex

3. prefrontal cortex

4. posterior frontal gyrus

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

What improves episodic memory?

1. visual imagery

2. exercise

3. both A and B

4. neither A nor B

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

What are some limitations of the think/no-think paradigm?

1. limited real-life traumatic stimuli

2. some failed replication attempts

3. weak effects

4. all of the above

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Chapter 10 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

What are the two main components of Conway’s self-memory system?

1. conceptual self & working self

2. themes & lifetime periods

3. general events & episodic events

4. autobiographical knowledge base & conceptual self

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

What of the following is one way of accessing autobiographical memories as proposed by Conway’s theory?

1. joining information from the working self with information from the autobiographical knowledge base

2. involuntary retrieval because of a specific cue

3. both A & B

4. neither A nor B

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

Which of the following is a theory that has been proposed to account for infantile amnesia?

1. infants are poor at encoding and storing autobiographical information due to a lack of cognitive development

2. infants can form memories, but that later they are forgotten or cannot be retrieved

3. lack of language development

4. all of the above

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

Which of the following is not a part of the theoretical accounts of the reminiscence bump?

1. maturational

2. identity formation

3. behavioral

4. life story

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

Which of the following is not found across different cultures?

1. infantile amnesia

2. reminiscence bump

3. autobiographical memory

4. procedural memory

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

Which of the following variable was found to distinguish memories within the reminiscence bump from memories from other life periods?

1. first time experiences

2. importance

3. emotional valence

4. all of the above

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

Regarding autobiographical memory, hippocampus plays a role in…

1. encoding

2. storage

3. recall

4. disruption

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

Which is not a way in which problems with autobiographic memory contribute to depression?

1. bias towards recalling negative events

2. rumination of negative events

3. reduced ability to access positive memories

4. people recall personal events in an over-specific way

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Which of the following is relevant for the discussion on memory for eyewitness testimony?

1. confirmation bias

2. weapon focus

3. unconscious transference

4. all of the above

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

Which of the following is not a technique of the cognitive interview?

1. context reinstatement

2. reporting everything

3. recall from a singular perspective

4. recall in different temporal orders

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

Which of the following are actual findings related to fake news?

1. we are more susceptible to forming false memories for stories that are consistent with our pre-existing beliefs

2. false memories for fake news were more frequent in participants with lower cognitive ability

3. many people form false memories for fake news stories, which can then influence their attitudes and behavioral intentions

4. all of the above

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

Which of the following is not a possible theoretical explanation of prospective memory?

1. preparatory attentional and memory processes theory

2. attention to delayed intention theory

3. multi-process theory

4. none of the above

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Chapter 11 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

Which of the following statements is false regarding focused auditory attention?

1. we are capable of focused attention, attending to one source of information whilst ignoring other stimuli

2. there is some processing of unattended messages

3. attentional selection occurs exclusively early in information processing

4. competing speech is processed within the same pathways as target speech, but is not processed equivalently to target speech

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

Which of the following serves as evidence for distinction between endogenous and exogenous attention?

1. attention is oriented faster when directed exogenously than endogenously

2. endogenous attention can be sustained for longer periods of time than exogenous attention

3. neglect patients not being able to orient their attention to the left side of space exogenously, but can do so endogenously

4. all of the above

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

In what context(s) has load theory been applied?

1. eyewitness accuracy

2. driving behaviour

3. processing of advertisements

4. all of the above

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

Which of the following is not part of the acronym in “WEIRD”?

1. educated

2. wealthy

3. industrialized

4. democratic

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

Which of the following has been found in research regarding feature integration theory?

1. conjunction searches may require attentive serial processing

2. Patient R.M who was found to have difficulties with tasks requiring conjunction searches but not feature searches

3. stimulation of the parietal cortex interferes with conjunction search task performance but not feature search performance

4. all of the above

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

Which of the following is relevant for alternative theories of visual search?

1. guided search theory

2. decision integration hypothesis

3. peripheral visual processing

4. all of the above

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

Which statement is false with regards to divided attention?

1. there are no limits to divided attention

2. multi-tasking is nowadays done without difficulties

3. comprehension is affected in media multitasking

4. all of the above

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

What is not a theory proposed for divided attention?

1. guided search theory

2. central capacity theory

3. multiple-resources theory

4. threaded cognition theory

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

What is relevant for the research underlying the distinction between automatic and controlled processing?

1. Stroop effect which is commonly attributed to the automatic processing of color words, due to experience and practice with reading

2. the automatization of cognitive processes is based on a shift from algorithmic computation to single-step memory retrieval

3. automaticity is generally associated with a shift away from cortical activation and towards subcortical activation

4. all of the above

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

What is not relevant for failures in attention?

1. attentional blink

2. inattentional blindness

3. unconscious transference

4. change blindness

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

How is endogenous attention different than exogenous attention?

1. one is top-down and other is bottom-up

2. in endogenous attention, attention is controlled by encountered stimuli

3. in exogenous attention, attention is controlled by goals and intentions

4. none of the above

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

Which of the following is a possible alternative explanation of inattentional blindness and change blindness?

1. overwriting of visual representations

2. fatigue

3. noncompliance

4. unnatural environments

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Chapter 12 – Quiz
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1. Question

Which of the following is true of the Gestalt approach to perception?

1. it's a top-down view

2. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

3. grouping of visual information based on proximity or similarity

4. all of the above

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

Which pathway is a part of the retina-geniculate-striate system?

1. primary visual pathway

2. parvocellular pathway

3. metabolic pathway

4. epithelium pathway

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

Which of the following is true of the parvocellular pathway?

1. most of its input come from cones

2. most of its input come from rods

3. it is sensitive to movement

4. contains relatively larger cells

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

What evidence(s) distinguishes the dorsal and ventral pathways?

1. patients with optic ataxia

2. patients with visual form agnosia

3. ventral stream developed later in childhood than the dorsal stream

4. all of the above

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

What are elements of basic processes in vision?

1. color perception

2. depth and distance perception

3. perceptual constancy

4. all of the above

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

How does face recognition differ from object recognition?

1. focuses predominantly individual features

2. faces are easier to identify when they are presented up-side down

3. involves more holistic processing

4. none of the above

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

Which of the following is a study that has been involved in providing evidence of holistic processing from face illusions?

1. Thatcher illusion

2. part-whole illusion

3. features of faces and houses

4. all of the above

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

What does not influence face recognition?

1. age

2. race

3. facial coverings

4. all of the above

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

What is involved in steering?

1. identifying our direction of motion

2. engaging optic flow

3. moving left and right to avoid obstacles

4. traveling on a straight path

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

Damage to (X) can result (Y).

1. X = inferior parietal lobe; Y = ideomotor apraxia

2. X = posterior parietal cortex; Y = ideomotor apraxia

3. X = superior parietal cortex; Y = ideomotor apraxia

4. X = intraparietal sulcus; Y = neglect

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

Which statement is false regarding biological motion?

1. reliable judgements can also be made from light displays of non-human animals

2. observers can perceive actions but limited in identifying various characteristics of an actor

3. biological motion has implications in many domains

4. biological motion perception can be impaired despite intact motion and form perception

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

Which of the following is not a perception domain?

1. olfactory

2. gustatory

3. proprioception

4. haptic

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Chapter 13 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

Which of the following question is relevant to the hard problem?

1. why a group of neurons of the complexity of the human brain give rise to perceptions that are consciously experienced?

2. why should all these complicated brain processes feel like anything from the inside?

3. Why aren’t we just robots, reacting to the environment but without any accompanying conscious experience?

4. all of the above

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

Which of the following is not a part of the paradigms available for studying consciousness?

1. subjective reports

2. forced choice methods

3. sensory methods

4. confidence methods

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

Which of the following is a theory of consciousness?

1. global workspace theory

2. higher order thought theory

3. recurrent processing

4. all of the above

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

Which is an example of a condition that provides evidence from neuropsychological patients for a theory of consciousness?

1. blindsight

2. bilateral neglect

3. synesthesia

4. none of the above

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

How are patients in vegetative state studied?

1. use fMRI to measure brain activity in response to patients’ own names spoken by a familiar voice

2. look for the presence of a P300 wave

3. use ultrasound to stimulate the thalamus of coma patients

4. all of the above

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

What is an example of a proposed benefit of consciousness?

1. virtual space to play out scenarios

2. control limited attentional resources

3. justify our actions and discuss with others why we do things

4. all of the above

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

Which of the following is relevant evidence for how implicit and explicit forms of memory retrieval differ?

1. implicit memory effects may persist for long periods of time

2. performing an additional task during the learning phase produces substantial impairments on explicit memory

3. implicit memory is largely intact at birth and does not show change over time

4. all of the above

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

How is conscious/nonconscious quality of implicit learning studied in research?

1. self-report questionnaire

2. information & sensitivity criterion

3. recognition tests

4. all of the above

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Question 9 of 12

9. Question

How is cognitive control related to studies of consciousness?

1. unconscious information could influence the cognitive control system

2. the priming effect was also involved in prefrontal activity

3. subliminal primes appeared to influence higher cognitive functioning

4. all of the above

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Question 10 of 12

10. Question

Which study has not been involved in investigating free will and consciousness?

1. Dijksterhuis et al (2006)

2. Benjamin Libet (1985)

3. Soon, Brass, Heinze and Haynes (2008)

4. Peres et al (2015)

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

What is a difficulty with previous studies involving free will in the study of consciousness?

1. brain activity has often been measured in only a small number of regions

2. the RP neural signature previously studied is not well understood

3. limitations of self-report

4. all of the above

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Question 12 of 12

12. Question

What is the consensus on the concept of free will?

1. conscious free will is no more than an illusion

2. there is no consensus

3. there is no need to invoke explanations involving the unconscious at all

4. none of the above

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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

Which of the following studies demonstrate how cognition is grounded in bodily experience?

1. Strack et al (1988) – pen in mouth & smile

2. Eerland et al (2011) 0 bodily posture & judgement

3. Restle (1970) – mental number line

4. all of the above

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

Which of the following is not a claim of embodied cognition as an approach?

1. cognition is situated, and takes place in the real world where perceptual information continues to arrive

2. we use the environment to reduce cognitive workload

3. both A & B

4. none of the above

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

In contrast to the traditional view, how is the radical embodied approach different?

1. a coordination between the inner world of the fielder and the external world around them

2. computationally more complex

3. the problem is solved ahead of time

4. all of the above

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

How is diet related to cognition?

1. omega 3 fatty acids maintain efficient synaptic function

2. vitamins, specifically folates, are associated with overall global cognitive function and psychomotor speed

3. flavonoids intake is associated with better cognitive performance

4. all of the above

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

The Californian Verbal Learning Test was used to look for evidence in…

1. randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

2. benefits of omega 3 fatty acids in diet on cognition

3. both A & B

4. none of the above

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

Which clinical case has demonstrated the interaction between illness and cognition?

1. Henry G. Molaison

2. Phineas Gage

3. both A & B

4. none of the above

Correct

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

The chronic phase for stroke can be broadly thought of as …

1. 1 month

2. 3 weeks

3. 6 months

4. none of the above

Correct

Incorrect

Question 8 of 12

8. Question

Cognitive problems often arise in patients with…

1. cirrhosis

2. obesity

3. Korsakoff’s syndrome

4. all of the above

Correct

Incorrect

Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Why might obesity be associated with cognitive decline?

1. obesity elevates brain-derived neurotrophic factor

2. obesity can induce inflammatory processes in brain cells which can lead to neuronal death and impaired cognition

3. both A & B

4. none of the above

Correct

Incorrect

Question 10 of 12

10. Question

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) can manifest itself as…

1. impaired attention span

2. heightened arithmetic ability

3. unnaturally steady behaviour

4. speeding up of psychomotor activity

Correct

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Question 11 of 12

11. Question

Which research study is relevant to how end stage renal disease (ESRD) is implicated in cognitive decline?

1. Hart and Kreutzer (1988)

2. Buchman et al (2009)

3. Etgen et al (2009)

4. all of the above

Correct

Incorrect

Question 12 of 12

12. Question

Which research study is relevant to how obesity is implicated in cognitive decline?

1. Beydoun et al (2008)

2. Dahl and Hassing (2013)

3. Taras and Potts-Datema (2005)

4. all of the above

Correct

Incorrect
Chapter 15 – Quiz
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Question 1 of 12

1. Question

What was the journal article that identified questionable research practices (QRPs)?

1. John, Loewenstein and Prelec (2012)

2. Pashler & Wagenmakers ( 2012)

3. Simmons, Nelson and Simnsohn (2011)

4. Bem (2011)

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Question 2 of 12

2. Question

Which of the following journals was not a part of the Open Science Collaboration for study of replicability?

1. Scientific Reports

2. Psychological Science

3. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

4. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (JEP:LMC)

Correct

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Question 3 of 12

3. Question

Which of the following is one of the well-known effects in psychology that Zwaan et al. 2018 found to replicate well?

1. DRM paradigm

2. repetition priming effect

3. Simon task

4. all of the above

Correct

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Question 4 of 12

4. Question

The quality of the research conducted in cognitive psychology is determined by…

1. how many researchers are involved

2. reliability and validity

3. how well the research is written up

4. all of the above

Correct

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Question 5 of 12

5. Question

Which of the following is not a type of experimental design?

1. within subjects

2. between subjects

3. modeling

4. mixed design

Correct

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Question 6 of 12

6. Question

What factors might we want to consider when thinking about which participants to recruit?

1. gender

2. race/ethnicity

3. religion

4. Any of the above depending on the research question

Correct

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Question 7 of 12

7. Question

Which of the following is not part of the BPS principles for Code of Human Research Ethics?

1. respect for the autonomy, privacy and dignity of individuals, groups, and communities

2. scientific integrity

3. economic responsibility

4. maximizing benefit and minimizing harm

Correct

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Question 8 of 12

8. Question

Which of the following are examples of poor research practice?

1. poor quality control

2. p-hacking

3. publication bias

4. all of the above

Correct

Incorrect

Question 9 of 12

9. Question

Which of the following is an example of a practical issue with the frequentist approach?

1. under or over-powered

2. singular testing

3. justified stopping of data collection

4. all of the above

Correct

Incorrect

Question 10 of 12

10. Question

Which of the following is NOT true about Bayesian testing?

1. It is comparative in nature

2. The change in odds from prior to posterior is reflected as a ratio known as the Bayes Factor

3. A Bayes Factor of 1-3 is weak evidence to support a hypothesis

4. none of the above

Correct

Incorrect

Question 11 of 12

11. Question

Which of the following is NOT a key component of a journal article?

1. introduction

2. methods

3. results

4. acknowledgement

Correct

Incorrect

Question 12 of 12

12. Question

What does the acronym WEIRD stand for?

1. White, Elite, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic

2. Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic

3. Western, Educated, Institutional, Rightwing and Democratic

4. White, Elite, Institutional, Rightwing and Democratic

Correct

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