{"id":198,"date":"2026-05-12T10:59:57","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T10:59:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/?page_id=198"},"modified":"2026-05-12T13:24:09","modified_gmt":"2026-05-12T13:24:09","slug":"chapter-1-flashcards","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/chapter-1-flashcards\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 1 Flashcards"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter 1 Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Numbers used in a dataset to represent categories<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Codes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The process of taking a variable with a larger number of categories and recoding it into a new variable with a smaller number of categories. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Collapsing<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>An increasingly popular means of collecting data in which the researchers &quot; survey&quot;  artifacts, media, or documents, asking each piece of data a set of questions <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Content analysis<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The most common measure of reliability of indexes, ranging from 0 (low reliability, these variables don\u2019t fit together at all) to 1 (high reliability, these variables fit together well) <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Cronbach&#8217;s alpha<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>In an explanatory relationship, it is the variable we are trying to explain something about <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Dependent variable<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The set of statistical procedures that allows us to describe for any variable where the center of the data is and how closely the cases surround this center <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Descriptive statistics; also called summary statistics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A variable that has only two categories <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Dichotomy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The set of statistical procedures that allows us to examine relationships among variables <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Explanatory statistics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A method of dealing with missing data in which you take an educated guess regarding what the data point would be<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Imputation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>In an explanatory relationship, the variable we use to try to explain why another variable varies<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Independent variable<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The process of taking multiple variables and combining them into a single new variable <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Indexing<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A claim about a population based on sample data <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Inference<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The set of statistical procedures that allows us to speak about a population based on statistical results from a sample from that population<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Inferential statistics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A level of measurement between ordinal and ratio, such as temperature, in which distance between units makes sense, but ratios do not make sense <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Interval level<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A basic characteristic of a variable that determines what statistical procedures can be used with that variable <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Level of measurement<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A type of survey question in which the respondent is given a statement and asked to place herself on an ordinary scale, typically strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, strongly disagree <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Likert scale<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A set of questions in a large dataset, usually about a similar topic<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Module<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The lowest and most restrictive level of measurement that simply puts cases into categories that cannot be ranked<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Nominal level<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A level of measurement that allows you to order the categories in a meaningful way, but doesn\u2019t allow you to do anything else (such as multiply or divide)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Ordinal level<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A synonym for the term dependent variable; a variable whose variation we are attempting to explain <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Outcome variable<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A synonym for the term independent variable; a variable that we are using to predict changes in the dependent variable <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Predictor variable<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The highest level of measurement that, because of a meaningful zero, allows us to multiply and divide values of the variable <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Ratio level<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The process of taking a variable\u2019s original codes and giving each code a new code<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Recoding<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>With regard to indexing, how well the variables in your index fit together <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Reliability<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A form of bias in which the respondent, knowing that he is being studied, will give the interviewer the answer that the respondent thinks the interviewer wants to hear <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Social desirability bias<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>What a case is your study is, whether this be an individual (this is the case for most survey research), an organization, a city, or a country <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Unit of analysis<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent 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Flashcards<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-198","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":266,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198\/revisions\/266"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/socialstatistics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}