{"id":111,"date":"2024-08-21T12:03:58","date_gmt":"2024-08-21T12:03:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/researchmethods\/?post_type=content&#038;p=111"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:40:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T11:40:19","slug":"chapter-19-correlation","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/\">Student Resources<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n\n<h1 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This chapter explores positive and negative correlations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-exercises\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-19-1\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 19.1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Scatter plots<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.1-300x241.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 18.1.1<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.2.jpg 500w, https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.2-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 18.1.2<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.3.jpg 500w, https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.1.3-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 18.1.3<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 1: strong, positive<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 2: moderate, negative<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figure 3: strong, curvilinear<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-19-2\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 19.2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Calculating Pearson\u2019s and Spearman\u2019s correlations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You\u2019ll need one of these data sets for this exercise<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/09\/Chapter-19-Correlation-data-sets.zip\" style=\"background-color:#ebd7c8;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);box-shadow:none\">Download &#8211; <strong>Correlation data sets<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The data set in the file correlation.sav (SPSS) or correlation.xls (Excel) is for you to use to calculate Pearson\u2019s <em>r<\/em> and Spearman\u2019s&nbsp;<em>r<\/em>&nbsp; (two-tailed) either by hand or using SPSS or a spreadsheet programme. Copy the table below and enter, using either <em>p<\/em> = or <em>p<\/em> \u2264. Don\u2019t worry if your answer is out by a small amount as this might be due to rounding errors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Pearson\u2019s&nbsp;<em>r<\/em>&nbsp; =&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><em>p<\/em>&nbsp;=<\/td><td><em>p&nbsp;<\/em>\u2264<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Spearman\u2019s&nbsp;<em>r&nbsp;=<\/em><\/td><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><em>p<\/em>&nbsp;=<\/td><td><em>p&nbsp;<\/em>\u2264<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Pearson\u2019s&nbsp;<em>r<\/em>&nbsp; =&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;-.48<\/td><td><em>p<\/em>&nbsp;= 0.005<\/td><td><em>p&nbsp;<\/em>\u22640.01<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Spearman\u2019s&nbsp;<em>r<\/em>&nbsp;=<\/td><td>&nbsp;-.492<\/td><td><em>p<\/em>&nbsp;= 0.004<\/td><td><em>p&nbsp;<\/em>\u22640.01<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-19-3\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 19.3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A few questions on correlation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. Jarrod wants to correlate scores on a general health questionnaire with the subject that students have chosen for their first degree. Why can\u2019t he?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First degree choice is a categorical variable.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Amy wants to correlate people\u2019s scores on an anxiety questionnaire with their status \u2013 married or not married. Can she?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, she can use the point biserial correlation coefficient (though better to conduct a difference test e.g., unrelated <em>t<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. As the number in a sample increases the critical value required for a significant correlation with <em>p<\/em> \u2264 .05 increases or decreases?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Decreases.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the first set of exercises for this chapter, question 2 asks you to draw the scatterplot for the maths and music data in Table 19.5. Here is a possible answer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.3.1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.3.1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-19.3.1-300x241.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 19.3.1<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The maths and music score scatterplot \u2013 answer to exercise in Chapter 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-19-4\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 19.4<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Have a go at this short quiz to test your understanding of correlation and identify any gaps in your knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-element-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0910e091 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"17\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"quiz_name\":\"exercise194\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":0,\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"17\",\"pagekey\":\"srfhaQMg\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"0\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":0,\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":1,\"section_comments\":\"\",\"total_questions\":8,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\",\"empty_grid_radio_checkbox_text\":\"Please complete all  rows required fields!\",\"empty_audio_text\":\"Please upload audio!\"},\"question_list\":{\"116\":{\"question_id\":\"116\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"&quot;As practice increases, reaction time ----------&quot;. What would you expect?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:9:\\\"Increases\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:9:\\\"Decreases\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"Reaction time can be a tricky variable. As they <em>decrease<\\\/em> they get better! If you do sport you\\u2019ll know that you\\u2019d like your personal best to go down not up. A low rt could be \\u2018bad\\u2019 if it means you were impetuous and made mistakes but in general, in performance training or psychological experiment on practice and learning they are \\u2018good\\u2019.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 1\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Increases\",0,0],[\"Decreases\",0,1]]},\"117\":{\"question_id\":\"117\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"&quot;As reaction time decreases, competence increases----------&quot;. What kind of correlation would you expect?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:8:\\\"Negative\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:8:\\\"Positive\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"Following item 1 then as one variable (e.g. practice) increase we would expect rts to decrease, i.e. get better.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 2\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Negative\",0,1],[\"Positive\",0,0]]},\"118\":{\"question_id\":\"118\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"\\u201cCorrelation can never be carried out on a categorical variable\\u201d.\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:4:\\\"True\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:5:\\\"False\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"You can use the bi-serial, point bi-serial or phi coefficient correlations.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 3\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"True\",0,0],[\"False\",0,1]]},\"119\":{\"question_id\":\"119\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"What kind of correlation can be used when both variables are truly dichotomous?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:15:\\\"Phi coefficient\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:21:\\\"Bi-serial coefficient\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"See the chapter reading.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 4\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Phi coefficient\",0,1],[\"Bi-serial coefficient\",0,0]]},\"120\":{\"question_id\":\"120\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"\\u201cThere was a strong positive correlation between high literacy scores and high grammar scores\\u201d. Is this a good report of a finding?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:3:\\\"Yes\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:2:\\\"No\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"A correlation must be between <em>all<\\\/em> of one variable and all of the other. You can\\u2019t just separate out some of them. This is common student error in writing reports.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 5\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Yes\",0,0],[\"No\",0,1]]},\"121\":{\"question_id\":\"121\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"The correlation in a study was reported as .5. what would be the effect size?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:4:\\\"0.25\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:3:\\\"0.5\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"Correlations values are also effect sizes.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 6\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"0.25\",0,0],[\"0.5\",0,1]]},\"122\":{\"question_id\":\"122\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"A correlation is reported as weak but significant. What size would the sample be?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:5:\\\"Large\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:5:\\\"Small\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"With small samples the correlation must be quite high to reach significance but with very many in the sample really low correlations can be significant \\u2013 \\u201ca small but nevertheless significant relationship\\u201d.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 7\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Large\",0,1],[\"Small\",0,0]]},\"123\":{\"question_id\":\"123\",\"quiz_id\":\"17\",\"question_name\":\"The null hypothesis for a correlation analysis holds that which of these is zero?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:2:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:26:\\\"The population correlation\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:22:\\\"The sample correlation\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"The null hypothesis is always about the population of values.\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:15:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 8\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"The population correlation\",0,1],[\"The sample correlation\",0,0]]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-17 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm17\" id=\"quizForm17\" action=\"\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/111\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_17\" value=\"45954c186f\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_17\" value=\"6a8f9c080cc20\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-116 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>&#8220;As practice increases, reaction time &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-&#8220;. What would you expect?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question116-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question116_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncreases\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question116-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question116_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDecreases\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question116_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_116\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-117 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>&#8220;As reaction time decreases, competence increases&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-&#8220;. What kind of correlation would you expect?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question117-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question117_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNegative\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question117-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question117_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPositive\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question117_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_117\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-118 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>\u201cCorrelation can never be carried out on a categorical variable\u201d.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question118-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question118_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question118-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question118_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question118_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_118\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-119 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What kind of correlation can be used when both variables are truly dichotomous?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question119-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question119_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPhi coefficient\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question119-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question119_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBi-serial coefficient\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question119_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_119\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-120 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>\u201cThere was a strong positive correlation between high literacy scores and high grammar scores\u201d. Is this a good report of a finding?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tYes\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNo\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question120_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_120\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-121 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The correlation in a study was reported as .5. what would be the effect size?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t0.25\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t0.5\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question121_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_121\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-122 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>A correlation is reported as weak but significant. What size would the sample be?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLarge\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSmall\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question122_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_122\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-123 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The null hypothesis for a correlation analysis holds that which of these is zero?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe population correlation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe sample correlation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question123_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_123\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"116Q117Q118Q119Q120Q121Q122Q123Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"17\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-correlation-weblinks\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-correlation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Correlation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the link to the correlation application that lets you plot points and watch how these affect the scatter plot and regression line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.shodor.org\/interactivate\/activities\/Regression\/\">http:\/\/www.shodor.org\/interactivate\/activities\/Regression\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can amuse yourself for ages by looking at very high correlations between quite unrelated variables (remember the cheese consumption and strangulation in bedsheets one?) but don\u2019t forget these are chance associations out of millions of attempts to find them:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tylervigen.com\/spurious-correlations\">Spurious Correlations (tylervigen.com)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A website where you can click to enter points on a scattergram and try to make the coefficient any size or direction (+\/\u2013) you like. You can also see the regression line and the residuals for each data point\u2013 see next Chapter 20: <a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/digitalfirst.bfwpub.com\/stats_applet\/stats_applet_5_correg.html\">Correlation and Regression (bfwpub.com)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To convert a correlation coefficient to a <em>t<\/em> value:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc\/calculator.aspx?id=61\">Free t-Value Calculator for Correlation Coefficients &#8211; Free Statistics Calculators (danielsoper.com)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A specialist site just giving normal distribution and z tables with the value of the y ordinate. Only needed for the biserial correlation coefficient calculation.<a href=\"http:\/\/academic.udayton.edu\/gregelvers\/psy216\/tables\/area.htm\">http:\/\/academic.udayton.edu\/gregelvers\/psy216\/tables\/area.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b3ff8204 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"on-this-page\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents\"><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/#aioseo-exercises\">Exercises<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/#aioseo-correlation-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s and Spearman\u2019s correlations You\u2019ll need one of these data sets for this exercise The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":121,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-chapter","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-111","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO Pro (AIOSEO) 5.0.0.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology - 8th Edition\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chapter 19 \u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-21T12:03:58+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-26T11:40:19+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Chapter 19 \u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/chapter-19-correlation\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Student Resources\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Student Resources\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/chapter-19-correlation\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/chapter-19-correlation\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Student Resources\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology\",\"description\":\"8th Edition\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/chapter-19-correlation\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/chapter-19-correlation\\\/\",\"name\":\"Chapter 19 \\u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology\",\"description\":\"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\\u2019s\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/student-resources\\\/chapter-19-correlation\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-08-21T12:03:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-26T11:40:19+00:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/\",\"name\":\"Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology\",\"description\":\"8th Edition\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/routledgelearning.com\\\/researchmethods\\\/#organization\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro -->\r\n\t\t<title>Chapter 19 \u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology<\/title>\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"Chapter 19 \u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology","description":"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s","canonical_url":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/#listItem","name":"Student Resources"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"Student Resources","item":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/#listItem","name":"Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/#listItem","name":"Student Resources"}}]},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/#organization","name":"Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology","description":"8th Edition","url":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/","name":"Chapter 19 \u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology","description":"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/#breadcrumblist"},"datePublished":"2024-08-21T12:03:58+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-26T11:40:19+00:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/#website","url":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/","name":"Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology","description":"8th Edition","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/#organization"}}]},"og:locale":"en_US","og:site_name":"Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology - 8th Edition","og:type":"article","og:title":"Chapter 19 \u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology","og:description":"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s","og:url":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/","article:published_time":"2024-08-21T12:03:58+00:00","article:modified_time":"2026-08-26T11:40:19+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"Chapter 19 \u2013 Correlation - Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology","twitter:description":"This chapter explores positive and negative correlations. Exercises Exercise 19.1 Scatter plots Have a look at the scatter plots below and select a description in terms of strength (weak, moderate, strong) and direction (positive, negative or curvilinear). Show answer Figure 1: strong, positive Figure 2: moderate, negative Figure 3: strong, curvilinear Exercise 19.2 Calculating Pearson\u2019s"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"111","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":{"focus":{"keyphrase":"","score":0,"analysis":{"keyphraseInTitle":{"score":0,"maxScore":9,"error":1}}},"additional":[]},"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":"","og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"WebPage","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":"-1","robots_max_videopreview":"-1","robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":"default","local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"open_ai":"{\"title\":{\"suggestions\":[],\"usage\":0},\"description\":{\"suggestions\":[],\"usage\":0}}","ai":{"faqs":[],"keyPoints":[],"schemas":[],"titles":[],"descriptions":[],"socialPosts":{"email":{"subject":"","preview":"","content":""},"linkedin":[],"twitter":[],"facebook":[],"instagram":[]}},"created":"2024-08-21 12:03:59","updated":"2026-08-26 12:48:54","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/\" title=\"Student Resources\">Student Resources<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tChapter 19 \u2013 Correlation\n<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods"},{"label":"Student Resources","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/"},{"label":"Chapter 19 &#8211; Correlation","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-19-correlation\/"}],"permalink_manager":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}