{"id":105,"date":"2024-08-21T12:01:13","date_gmt":"2024-08-21T12:01:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/researchmethods\/?post_type=content&#038;p=105"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:37:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T11:37:58","slug":"chapter-14-graphical-representation-of-data","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-14-graphical-representation-of-data\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 14 &#8211; Graphical representation of data"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/\">Student Resources<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">Chapter 14 &#8211; Graphical representation of data<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n\n<h1 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">Chapter 14 &#8211; Graphical representation of data<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This chapter deals with the representation of data sets in charts or graphs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-exercises\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here is the datafile to be used for a box-plot as referred to in the exercises for this chapter:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" style=\"background-color:#ebd7c8;box-shadow:none\">Chapter 14 Box Plot Data<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-14-1\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 14.1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A bar chart<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Students on an organisational psychology course have taken part in an experiment in which they have first conducted an interview while being observed by a visiting lecturer. Half the students are told the visitor was an expert in human relations and half of this group are given positive feedback by the visitor while the other half are given negative feedback. The other half of the students are told their visiting observer is simply \u2018an academic\u2019 and the same two types of feedback are given by the visitor to this group. Students were then asked to rate their own interview performance on a scale of 1 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). The results are displayed in the combined bar chart below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-14.1.1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-14.1.1-1.png 602w, https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-14.1.1-1-300x240.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 14.1.1<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Please describe the results as accurately as you can (no specific numerical values are required) and offer some possible explanation of the findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In general positive feedback has greater effect than negative feedback. In addition there appears to be a greater effect from the expert than from the academic. However, there also seems to be an interaction in that the academic\u2019s negative feedback appears to have had a greater lowering effect than that of the expert. Perhaps the students receiving expert negative feedback would rationalise that the expert would be particularly harsh and have therefore discounted some of the feedback.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-14-2\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 14.2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A histogram<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-14.2.1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-14.2.1.jpg 500w, https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/21\/2024\/08\/Figure-14.2.1-300x241.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 14.2.1<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A psychology lecturer has given her students a class test where the maximum mark possible is 50. The histogram above shows the distribution of the test score data. The median of this distribution is 38 and the mean is 37.02.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Was the test easy or hard?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Easy. The distribution is negatively skewed and shows a \u2018ceiling effect\u2019 with many scores near the top end of the scale.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Why is the mean lower than the median?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because the distribution is negatively skewed and therefore there are more extreme low scores in the tail pulling the mean (37.02) lower than the median (38).<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. What is the modal category of scores?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">38\u201340<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note: The data for this histogram are contained in the file Psychology test scores.sav used in the Chapter 13 exercises.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-weblinks\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-graphical-representation-of-data-weblinks\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Graphical representation of data<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some chart making online apps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chartle.com\/\">Online Chart and Graph Maker &#8211; Chartle.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.meta-chart.com\/bar#\/display\">https:\/\/www.meta-chart.com\/bar#\/display<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/venngage.com\/blog\/beam\">https:\/\/venngage.com\/blog\/beam<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b3ff8204 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"on-this-page\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents\"><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-14-graphical-representation-of-data\/#aioseo-exercises\">Exercises<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-14-graphical-representation-of-data\/#aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This chapter deals with the representation of data sets in charts or graphs. Exercises Here is the datafile to be used for a box-plot as referred to in the exercises for this chapter: Exercise 14.1 A bar chart Students on an organisational psychology course have taken part in an experiment in which they have first [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":121,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-chapter","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-105","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This chapter deals with the representation of data sets in charts or graphs. 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