{"id":102,"date":"2024-08-21T12:00:04","date_gmt":"2024-08-21T12:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/researchmethods\/?post_type=content&#038;p=102"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:36:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T11:36:23","slug":"chapter-11-ethical-issues-in-psychological-research","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/chapter-11-ethical-issues-in-psychological-research\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 11 &#8211; Ethical issues in psychological research"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/student-resources\/\">Student Resources<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">Chapter 11 &#8211; Ethical issues in psychological research<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n\n<h1 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">Chapter 11 &#8211; Ethical issues in psychological research<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This chapter deals with the responsibilities borne by professional psychologists, whether their work is applied or research oriented.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-exercises\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercises<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-11-1\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 11.1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ethical issues in research designs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What are the main ethical issues involved in the following possible research designs? Please have a good think before you reveal the answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. A researcher arranges for shoppers to be given either too much or too little change when making a purchase in a department store. A record is taken of how many return to the cash desk and those that do are asked to complete a short questionnaire and are then debriefed as to the purpose of the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \u2018participants\u2019 in this study were not able to give their informed consent before participating. They have been mildly delayed by having to return to the cash desk but are also under undue pressure to then complete the questionnaire.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. Participants are given a general intelligence test and are then given false feedback about their performance. They are told either that they did very well and significantly above average or that they did rather poorly and significantly below average.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a possible issue of some psychological harm in that some participants are told they have produced poor intelligence scores. OK \u2013 the effect is short-lived, but psychologists have to consider whether the knowledge gained from the experiment will be worth the perhaps mild distress caused to the participants but also the effect this has on the credibility and trustworthiness of psychologists in general, in the public view.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. In-depth semi-structured interviews are conducted with seven middle managers in an organisation where there has been some discord between middle and senior management. The researcher has been contracted to highlight possible causes of resentment and reasons for frustration that have been expressed quite widely. The researcher published a full report including demographics of the participants three of whom are women, one of whom is Asian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a problem here with anonymity. It will be easy for the senior managers to identify the sole Asian woman. In cases like these full information has to be compromised in order to preserve privacy and to protect individuals whose lives could be seriously affected by disclosure.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. Participants volunteer for an experiment and are first shown slides that have a theme of sweets, nuts or beans. They are then asked to put their hands into bags which contain either jelly beans, peanuts or kidney beans. The researcher is interested in whether the slides influence the participant\u2019s identification of the items in the bag.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The description does not make clear whether the participants were asked before participating whether they might suffer from any allergies. Most importantly there is a risk of an anaphylactic reaction from the peanuts. This then is in contravention of the principle of not putting participants at any physical risk.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. A researcher conducting an experiment is quite attracted to one of the participants. At the end of the session, when the experiment is over, he asks her for a date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Show answer<\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The researcher is in a position of special power over the participant and should not exploit this by mixing professional activity with personal life. The two might of course meet up somehow outside the professional context but making this approach in the context of the experiment puts the psychologist at risk of contravening professional ethics.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-exercise-11-2\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exercise 11.2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-element-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-0910e091 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-width:1px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"11\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"11\",\"quiz_name\":\"exercise112\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":\"1\",\"progress_bar\":0,\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"11\",\"pagekey\":\"QCuadd1G\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"0\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":\"1\",\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"2\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":0,\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\",\"empty_grid_radio_checkbox_text\":\"Please complete all  rows required fields!\",\"empty_audio_text\":\"Please upload audio!\"},\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-11 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz  quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm11\" id=\"quizForm11\" action=\"\/researchmethods\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/102\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_11\" value=\"a7ac82be58\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_11\" value=\"6a8f8bb6c900d\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"qsm-page \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-15 question-section-id-73 \" data-qid=\"73\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Read each definition and match it with the item from the list to which you think it applies. <strong>If a red cross appears when you check your answer, items until a green tick appears.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"qsm-matching-pairs\">\r\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"random_key_73\" value=\"qsm_match_pairs_array_key_4091278754\" \/>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"qsm-left-option\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Researchers-should-avoid-causing-this-in-their-participants.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tResearchers should avoid causing this in their participants.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Informing-participants-about-the-details-of-the-study-after-testing-is-completed.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tInforming participants about the details of the study after testing is completed.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-&quot;Informing-the-participant-about-what-participations-will-entail.-&quot;\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t&#8220;Informing the participant about what participations will entail. &#8221;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-After-briefing-participants-are-this-concerning-an-experiment-they-will-participate-in.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tAfter briefing participants are this concerning an experiment they will participate in.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Participants-give-this-when-they-have-been-broadly-told-about-what-participation-will-entail.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tParticipants give this when they have been broadly told about what participation will entail.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Participants-asking-for-their-result-not-to-be-included-in-the-study\u2019s-analysis.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tParticipants asking for their result not to be included in the study\u2019s analysis.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"qsm-right-option qsm-match-sortable\" data-qid=\"73\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Briefing\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-move\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tBriefing\t\t\t\t<input class=\"qsm_matching_pairs\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"2\" name=\"question73[]\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Withdrawal-of-data\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-move\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tWithdrawal of data\t\t\t\t<input class=\"qsm_matching_pairs\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"5\" name=\"question73[]\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Informed-consent\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-move\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tInformed consent\t\t\t\t<input class=\"qsm_matching_pairs\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"4\" name=\"question73[]\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Fully-or-partly-informed\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-move\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tFully or partly informed\t\t\t\t<input class=\"qsm_matching_pairs\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"3\" name=\"question73[]\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Debriefing\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-move\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tDebriefing\t\t\t\t<input class=\"qsm_matching_pairs\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"1\" name=\"question73[]\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question73-Excessive-stress\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-move\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\tExcessive stress\t\t\t\t<input class=\"qsm_matching_pairs\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"0\" name=\"question73[]\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-15 question-section-id-74 \" data-qid=\"74\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Read each definition and match it with the item from the list to which you think it applies. <strong>If a red cross appears when you check your answer, items until a green tick appears.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"qsm-matching-pairs\">\r\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"random_key_74\" value=\"qsm_match_pairs_array_key_2343437283\" \/>\r\n\t\t<div class=\"qsm-left-option\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question74-Participants-deciding-not-to-continue-with-an-experiment.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tParticipants deciding not to continue with an experiment.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question74-Disguising-participant\u2019s-identity\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tDisguising participant\u2019s identity\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question74-Assurance-that-participant-information\/results-will-be-kept-securely-and-not-shared.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tAssurance that participant information\/results will be kept securely and not shared.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm_mc_answer_wrap\" id=\"question74-Carrying-out-a-research-procedure-where-the-situation-presented-to-the-participant-is-false.\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCarrying out a research procedure where the situation presented to the participant is false.\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"qsm-right-option qsm-match-sortable\" 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name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"11\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/researchmethods\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-weblinks\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-ethical-issues-in-psychological-research\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ethical issues in psychological research<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ethics Guidelines for Internet-mediated Research<\/em> (<a><\/a>BPS, 2021a):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bps.org.uk\/guideline\/ethics-guidelines-internet-mediated-research\">Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research | BPS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Code of Ethics and Conduct<\/em> (BPS, 2018):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bps.org.uk\/guideline\/code-ethics-and-conduct\">Code of Ethics and Conduct | BPS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Code of Human Research Ethics<\/em> (BPS, 2nd ed., <a><\/a>2021b):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bps.org.uk\/guideline\/bps-code-human-research-ethics\">BPS Code of Human Research Ethics | BPS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Professional Practice Guidelines<\/em> (BPS, 3rd ed., <a><\/a>2017b):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bps.org.uk\/guideline\/bps-practice-guidelines-2017\">BPS Practice Guidelines (2017) | BPS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Guidelines for Psychologists Working with Animals<\/em> (BPS, <a><\/a>2016):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bps.org.uk\/guideline\/guidelines-psychologists-working-animals\">Guidelines for psychologists working with animals | BPS<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct<\/em> (APA):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/ethics\/code\/index.aspx\">www.apa.org\/ethics\/code\/index.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The American Psychological Association apology on racism (2021):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/policy\/racism-apology\">https:\/\/www.apa.org\/about\/policy\/racism-apology<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b3ff8204 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents\"><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" 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Exercises Exercise 11.1 Ethical issues in research designs What are the main ethical issues involved in the following possible research designs? Please have a good think before you reveal the answers. 1. A researcher arranges for shoppers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":121,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-chapter","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-102","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This chapter deals with the responsibilities borne by professional psychologists, whether their work is applied or research oriented. Exercises Exercise 11.1 Ethical issues in research designs What are the main ethical issues involved in the following possible research designs? Please have a good think before you reveal the answers. 1. 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