{"id":69,"date":"2025-08-07T20:49:18","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T20:49:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/?p=69"},"modified":"2025-10-10T13:14:38","modified_gmt":"2025-10-10T13:14:38","slug":"chapter-22","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-6-the-policy-process\/chapter-22\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 22"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Chapter 22<\/h1>\n\n\n

The policy-making process<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Chapter Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Policy can be defined as either rules and regulations or public expenditure and its distribution. There are various theories about or models of policymaking, including the pluralist, corporatist, ruling-class and Whitehall models, plus the rational choice and incrementalist perspectives on decision-making. Policy can be seen to pass through three stages: initiation, formulation and implementation. \u2018Core\u2019 decision-makers have a constant control of the process, but elements from the \u2018periphery\u2019 are brought in from time to time. The concept of policy networks is useful in analysing policymaking. Extra-parliamentary parties and think tanks can have considerable influence, depending on the issue and the situation. Implementation can be very difficult and result in policy objectives being missed or even reversed. Policymakers face many restraints upon their actions, including timing, coordination and international events.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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  • To define policy in government.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • To encourage familiarity with the most popular models of policy-making.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • To examine the notion of the policy process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • To give some examples of problematic policy-making.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • To consider reform of decision-making at the centre of government<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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    Quizzes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Test your knowledge with the Chapter 22 quizzes!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Quiz<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n