{"id":34,"date":"2025-08-07T20:05:57","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T20:05:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/politicsuk\/?p=34"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:07:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T11:07:35","slug":"chapter-6","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 6"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-9c417a1ea4385027e0ff6b07948f3e47 is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#213f8d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-849b2ae7 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/\">Part 2 \u2013 Defining the Political World<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">Chapter 6<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><h1 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 6<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><em><em>Political ideas: Identities and political fringes<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-chapter-summary\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chapter 6 explores key political themes and movements in British and international politics, focusing on three main areas: national identity, environmentalism, and fringe political movements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nationalism emerged in the nineteenth century and, while it is now contested by internationalism, still retains much of its destructive force. Green thinking applies environmentalism to politics, calling for a revolutionary change in the way developed societies live. Far-left fringe groups tend to draw on the ideas of Marx and Trotsky; their relevance has declined since the anti-communist revolutions, but many followers still keep up the struggle, seeking to enter the ranks of the Labour Party in an attempt to influence its policies. Far-right groups tend to be neo-fascist and racialist; their support is small but their influence subversive. The Brexit vote in June 2016 caused huge political turbulence which will in-fluence the whole gamut of political ideas, for decades to come.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-learning-objectives\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list numbered-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;To explain and put into context the themes of national identity, racism and environmentalism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To explain the intellectual source of ideas characterising the political fringes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To identify, analyse and elucidate the political fringe on the far left and far right.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To explain how politics is the \u2018art of the possible\u2019.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-quizzes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quizzes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Test your knowledge with the Chapter 6 quizzes!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-88e6e8d950154e686fb280ac585ef07b has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-quiz\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Quiz<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"10\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 6\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"1\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"10\",\"pagekey\":\"6PjumGkN\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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10\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Industrialism\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-10 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm10\" id=\"quizForm10\" action=\"\/politicsuk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/34\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_10\" value=\"7469c01fb1\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_10\" value=\"6a8f7308de27a\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-120 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which characteristic is the strongest indicator for influencing pride in an English identity rather than a British one?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tGender\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAge\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncome\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tReligion\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tGeography\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question120_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_120\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-121 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>In what year did Britain ban slavery?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1806\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1990\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1762\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1890\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1855\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question121_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_121\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-122 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The Kyoto and Paris agreements were international agreements related to which policy area<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAgriculture\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDefence\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tImmigration\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCO2 Emissions\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCounter Terrorism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question122_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_122\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-123 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What is a small faction or group which conduct their political work outside of the main parties are referred to as?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tExtraparliamentary\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLobby Groups\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Political Fringe\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tInterests Representatives\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNGOs\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question123_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_123\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-124 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The &#8216;Far Left&#8217; draw the majority of their influence from which famous philosopher?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWinston Churchill\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAdam Smith\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Stuart Mill\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tJeremy Corbyn\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tKarl Marx\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question124_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_124\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-125 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The erosion of democracy, submission to a powerful state and a strong foundation of xenophobic nationalism are attributes of which set of fringe ideas?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question125-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question125\" id=\"question125_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question125_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMarxism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question125-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question125\" id=\"question125_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question125_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFascism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question125-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question125\" id=\"question125_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question125_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEnvironmentalism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question125-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question125\" id=\"question125_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question125_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPopulism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question125-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question125\" id=\"question125_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question125_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrotskyism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question125_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question125\" id=\"question125_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_125\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-126 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which party, previously thought of as a &#8216;fringe&#8217; party, has now entered the mainstream as of the 2024 general election?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question126-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question126\" id=\"question126_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question126_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBNP\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question126-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question126\" id=\"question126_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question126_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEnglish Defence League\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question126-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question126\" id=\"question126_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question126_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tUKIP\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question126-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question126\" id=\"question126_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question126_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Workers Party of Britain\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question126-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question126\" id=\"question126_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question126_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tReform UK\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question126_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question126\" id=\"question126_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_126\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-127 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>English&#8217; and &#8216;<input type=\"text\" class=\"qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText\" name=\"question127[]\" \/>&#8216; identities are highly intermingled at around 80% of the population<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-128 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The British Isles were first populated by tribes from parts of <input type=\"text\" class=\"qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText\" name=\"question128[]\" \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-129 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Environmentalism rejects all left, right, and centirts philosophies as collective <input type=\"text\" class=\"qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText\" name=\"question129[]\" \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"120Q121Q122Q123Q124Q125Q126Q127Q128Q129Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-discussion-questions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Discussion Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>People from all countries have some sense of who they are, where they come from, and what they believe in, which forms they national identity. In the case of \u2018The British\u2019, how has this sense of national identity evolved from the days of The Empire to the modern post-Brexit period?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The ecological perspective rejects all political philosophies of the left and right-wings as \u2018collectively industrialist\u2019. If this is the case, why then do most Green parties (both in the UK and around the world) become associated with the left-wing?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-weblinks\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Anti-Nazi League<\/strong> \u2013 A campaign organization opposing far-right extremism. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.anl.org.uk\/campaigns.html\">www.anl.org.uk\/campaigns.html<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Green Party<\/strong> \u2013 The official website of the UK\u2019s Green Party, advocating for environmental policies and social justice. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenparty.org.uk\/\">www.greenparty.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>National Democrats<\/strong> \u2013 A political group with nationalist and right-wing views. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.netlink.co.uk\/users\/natdems\/\">www.netlink.co.uk\/users\/natdems\/<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Searchlight Magazine<\/strong> \u2013 A publication exposing far-right movements. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.searchlightmagazine.com\/default.asp\">www.searchlightmagazine.com\/default.asp<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Socialist Alliance<\/strong> \u2013 A coalition of socialist groups advocating left-wing policies. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.socialistalliance.net\/\">www.socialistalliance.net<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Socialist Workers&#8217; Party<\/strong> \u2013 A Trotskyist political party promoting socialist revolution. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.swp.org.uk\/\">www.swp.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Workers\u2019 Revolutionary Party<\/strong> \u2013 A Marxist political party emphasizing class struggle. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wrp.org.uk\/\">www.wrp.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Women\u2019s Resource Centre<\/strong> \u2013 A network supporting women\u2019s rights organizations. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wrc.org.uk\/\">www.wrc.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-flashcards\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Refresh your knowledge of key terms with this chapter\u2019s flashcards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Environmentalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the belief that protection of the environment is a political issue of central importance. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Communism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an economic and political system which aimed at the abolition of capitalism, the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the eventual \u2018withering away\u2019 of the state. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Charismatic<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>having a natural attraction as a quality of leadership. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ecology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an approach to politics centred on the importance of the environment. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Electoral Register<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the list of those entitled to vote. It is compiled on a constituency basis by the Registrar of Electors, an official of the local authority, through forms distributed to homes and by door-to-door canvassing. Although it is supposed to be 100 per cent accurate, there are doubts about its comprehensiveness, an issue highlighted by the poll tax. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Fascism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the right-wing nationalist ideas espoused by Mussolini and adapted by Hitler as the basis of his own Nazi ideology. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        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flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-timelines\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Timelines<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-timeline-1-far-left-and-far-right-political-development\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Timeline 1: Far Left and Far-Right Political Development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group timeline-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-ccef7d25a1808616b012775591be21b9 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Left<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920: Communist Party of Great Britain founded<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932: British Union of Fascists formed (disbanded 1943)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-ccef7d25a1808616b012775591be21b9 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Left<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947: Workers&#8217; Revolutionary Party emerges<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-ccef7d25a1808616b012775591be21b9 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Left<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1960s: Socialist Workers&#8217; Party founded<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1967: The National Front formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1983: The National Front becomes the British National Party<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1993: UKIP formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-ccef7d25a1808616b012775591be21b9 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Left<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1996: The Socialist Labour Party founded by Arthur Scargill<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2009: English Defence League formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2011: Far-right party Britain First formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2018: UKIP becomes Brexit Party<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2019: Brexit Party becomes Reform UK<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1a4211acbd6b04686a17ad9139dc627d wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Far-Right<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2024: Reform UK wins 5 seats with 4.1 million votes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-timeline-2-national-identity-brexit\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Timeline 2: National Identity &amp; Brexit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group timeline-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1536: Act of Union between England and Wales<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1707: Act of Union between England and Scotland<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1801: Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland, afterwards known as the United Kingdom<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922: Easter Rising in Ireland<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1926: Dominion status granted to Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, New Zealand, Newfoundland, and South Africa<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931: British Commonwealth founded<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947: India became independent, Partition of India and Pakistan<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948: Congress of Europe; HMT Empire Windrush arrived in London.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1950: European Iron and Steel Community formed, the UK did not join<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1957: Treaty of Rome<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1972: UK joins European Community<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1987: Single European Act established the Single Market<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2016: Brexit referendum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2020: The UK formally exited the European Union<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2024: Southport stabbing followed by riots targeting migrants<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-timeline-3-environmental-milestones\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Timeline 3: Environmental Milestones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group timeline-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1898: Svante Arrhenius calculates CO2 impact on temperature<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1988: UN establishes IPCC<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1997: Kyoto Protocol agreed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2015: Paris Agreement signed by 195 countries<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2024: Global warming surpasses 1.5\u00b0C threshold<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<nav class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents\"><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-chapter-summary\">Chapter Summary<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-learning-objectives\">Learning Objectives<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-quizzes\">Quizzes<\/a><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-discussion-questions\">Discussion Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-timelines\">Timelines<\/a><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-timeline-1-far-left-and-far-right-political-development\">Timeline 1: Far Left and Far-Right Political Development<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-timeline-2-national-identity-brexit\">Timeline 2: National Identity &amp; Brexit<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-6\/#aioseo-timeline-3-environmental-milestones\">Timeline 3: Environmental Milestones<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Political ideas: Identities and political fringes Chapter Summary Chapter 6 explores key political themes and movements in British and international politics, focusing on three main areas: national identity, environmentalism, and fringe political movements. 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