{"id":32,"date":"2025-08-07T20:03:44","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T20:03:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/politicsuk\/?p=32"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:07:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T11:07:13","slug":"chapter-5","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 5"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-fcbf3fd605d71675eec271cf18d8c894 is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#213f8d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-849b2ae7 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/\">Part 2 \u2013 Defining the Political World<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">Chapter 5<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><h1 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 5<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><em><em>Political ideas: the major parties<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-chapter-summary\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the aftermath of the Second World War, some commentators felt that the two major political parties in Britain were \u2018converging\u2019 ideologically. Daniel Bell, an American sociologist, wrote of \u2018the end of ideology\u2019, and in the 1970s a post-war \u2018consensus\u2019 was discerned between the two parties on the desirability of a welfare state and a mixed economy. Britain\u2019s relative economic decline inclined both parties to adopt more radical remedies that drew on their ideological roots. Margaret Thatcher swung the Conservatives violently to the right, while Labour went radically to the left in the early 1980s. Once Thatcher had left the stage in 1990, John Major adopted a less overtly ideological stance, while Labour, following the failed experiment of Michael Foot as leader (1981\u20133), successively under Neil Kinnock, John Smith and Tony Blair moved rapidly into the centre. David Cameron revived the Conservative Party after his election in 2005, but came unstuck over EU membership on which, in 2013 he promised a referendum. Meanwhile, after 2015 Labour underwent a left-wing transformation under Jeremy Corbyn which did not include any electoral triumphs: he bowed out as leader after the disastrous 2019 election and in April 2020 Keir Starmer took over. This chapter analyses the evolution of the ideas of the major parties and brings up to date their most recent changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conservatism is more than mere pragmatism in the ruling interest. It also includes a concern for unity, harmony and balance in a society based on property, equal opportunity, elite rule and gradual change. Margaret Thatcher gave major prominence to the neo-liberal strand in Conservatism, which stressed the primacy of markets in economics. Major returned to the rhetoric of \u2018one nation\u2019 Conservatism but contained the practice of Thatcherism. Labour began as a socialist party dedicated to the replacement of capitalism by a collectively owned economy but, in government, translated this into nationalisation, a policy of dubious success. In opposition during the 1980s it gradually shed its socialist clothes and donned those of the free market and restricted public spending: in effect a compromise with Thatcherism. Liberal Democrats inherited the \u2018new liberal ideas\u2019 of the early twentieth century to which they added an initial disposition to work with the Labour Party in office, something which faded after the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The Coalition Government 2010\u201315 succeeded in lasting its full parliamentary term, but Cameron\u2019s offer of a referendum to appease his right wing and deflect the electoral threat of UKIP proved a disaster when Leave won the vote and the country was plunged into the complexities of Brexit. Using unorthodox methods, Boris Johnson sealed a new deal with the EU, easily won a general election in December 2019 but his success in delivering Brexit was overshadowed by the national onset of coronavirus infection. To deal with this Johnson reversed several signature Conservative tenets of belief to lead a powerfully collective response. Meanwhile Labour concluded its five year love-hate affair with radical socialism in April 2020 by electing Keir Starmer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-learning-objectives\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To explain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list numbered-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;To explain the provenance of Conservatism and the ideology of capitalist free enterprise, to explain the difference between \u2018one nation\u2019 and neo-liberal Conservatism and to assess the impact of Margaret Thatcher on her party\u2019s ideas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To trace the origins of Labour thinking from the rejection of nineteenth-century capitalism, through corporate socialism to revisionism, Blairism; then the troubled period of Corbyn\u2019s leadership followed by Starmer\u2019s stewardship in 2020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To sum up the message of the Liberal Party over the years, including its alliance with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and evolution into the Liberal Democrats.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To assess the impact of UKIP and, in turn, Brexit and the coronavirus pandemic on political thinking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-quizzes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quizzes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Test your knowledge with the Chapter 5 quizzes!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-88e6e8d950154e686fb280ac585ef07b has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-quiz\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Quiz<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"9\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"9\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 5\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"1\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"9\",\"pagekey\":\"68e8e495b2275\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>David Cameron removed his Conservative Party from which grouping in the European Parliament<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question110-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question110_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEuropean People&#8217;s Party\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question110-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question110_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe left\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question110-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question110_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSocialists and Democrats\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question110-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question110_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAlliance of Liberals and Democrats\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question110-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question110_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEurope of Nations and Freedom\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question110_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_110\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-111 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which general election resulted in a hung parliament, leading to a coalition government between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question111-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question111_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t2015\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question111-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question111_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question111-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question111_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question111-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question111_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t2019\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question111-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question111_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question111_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_111\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-112 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The repeated rejection of which Prime Minister&#8217;s Brexit deal caused them to resign from the position<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question112-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question112\" id=\"question112_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question112_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLiz Truss\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question112-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question112\" id=\"question112_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question112_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBoris Johnson\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question112-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question112\" id=\"question112_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question112_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRishi Sunak\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question112-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question112\" id=\"question112_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question112_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTheresa May\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question112-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question112\" id=\"question112_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question112_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDavid Cameron\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question112_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question112\" id=\"question112_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_112\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-113 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Nationalisation, mixed-economy, and Keynesian economics are ideological elements of which party <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question113-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question113\" id=\"question113_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question113_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tConservatives\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question113-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question113\" id=\"question113_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question113_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLiberal Democrats\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question113-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question113\" id=\"question113_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question113_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBritish National Party\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question113-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question113\" id=\"question113_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question113_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial Democrats\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question113-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question113\" id=\"question113_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question113_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLabour\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question113_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question113\" id=\"question113_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_113\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-114 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which two political parties merged to form the Liberal Democrats in 1988<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question114-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question114\" id=\"question114_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question114_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Liberal Unionists &amp; The Social Conservatives\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question114-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question114\" id=\"question114_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question114_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Liberal Party &amp; The Social Democratic Party\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question114-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question114\" id=\"question114_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question114_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Whigs &amp; The Liberal Party\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question114-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question114\" id=\"question114_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question114_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe British Peoples Party &amp; The Social Democrats\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question114-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question114\" id=\"question114_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question114_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe National Liberal Party &amp; The Democratic Party\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question114_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question114\" id=\"question114_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_114\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-115 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Labour PM Tony Blair remained in power for how many years<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t4\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t5\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t8\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t10\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t13\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question115_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_115\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-116 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Conservatism is often described as an <input type=\"text\" class=\"qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText\" name=\"question116[]\" \/> rather than a political philosophy<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-117 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Tory austerity refers to the Conservative policies aimed at cutting <input type=\"text\" class=\"qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText\" name=\"question117[]\" \/> spending<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-118 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Socialism developed as a critical alternative to <input type=\"text\" class=\"qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText\" name=\"question118[]\" \/><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"109Q110Q111Q112Q113Q114Q115Q116Q117Q118Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"9\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-discussion-questions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Discussion Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Many academic writers describe Conservatism as more of an attitude rather than a political ideology, or at least an ideology which is very \u2018light\u2019, what is meant by this in relation to other ideologies such as Socialism?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What impact have recent events, such as the coronavirus crisis and Brexit had on the ways the two major British parties approach politics?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-weblinks\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Centre for Policy Studies<\/strong> \u2013 A think tank promoting free-market and conservative policies. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cps.org.uk\/\">www.cps.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Conservative Party<\/strong> \u2013 The official website of the UK&#8217;s Conservative Party. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservatives.com\/\">www.conservatives.com<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Institute of Economic Affairs<\/strong> \u2013 A free-market think tank analyzing economic and public policy. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org.uk\/\">www.iea.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)<\/strong> \u2013 A progressive think tank focusing on social justice and economic policy. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ippr.org.uk\/\">www.ippr.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Labour Party <\/strong>\u2013 The official website of the UK Labour Party. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.labour.org.uk\/\">www.labour.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Liberal Democrats<\/strong> \u2013 The official website of the UK Liberal Democrats. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.libdems.org.uk\">www.libdems.org.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-flashcards\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Refresh your knowledge of key terms with this chapter\u2019s flashcards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Capitalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an economic and political system in which property and the means of production and distribution are in private ownership (rather than in the hands of the state) and goods are produced for private profit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pragmatism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the belief that problems should be solved on their unique merits rather than according to some pre-ordained ideological pathway.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Thatcherism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the economic, social and political ideas and particular style of leadership associated with Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990. It was a mixture of neo-liberal beliefs in the free market and neo-conservative social attitudes and beliefs about the limited role of government.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Liberal Conservatives<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>linked to groups like Bright Blue and Policy Exchange and to Tory \u2018modernisers\u2019 like George Osborne and Michael Gove, the term refers to Conservatives who want to combine liberal\/laissez-faire economics with a more liberal\/laissez-faire approach to culture and lifestyle (supporting, for example, gay marriage). Liberal Conservatives thus uphold the economic aspects of Thatcherism while rejecting its social conservatism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Eurosceptic<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a person holding the view that the process of European integration has been moving too fast; the UK\u2019s 2016 Referendum on EU membership marked a triumph of this view within British politics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Lockdown<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a term originating with the 2020 coronavirus pandemic when governments took measures to restrict people to their own houses or to do so in defined areas of the country.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Internationalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the view that foreign policy should be based on the idea of cooperation between countries all over the world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Nationalisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the act of transferring a part of the economy to state ownership, usually by establishing a nationalised corporation. Usually associated with the post-war \u2018socialist\u2019 political device of placing sections of the economy under the control of the government, so that privately owned assets such as buildings, equipment etc., or shares in a company are transferred by law from private into public ownership.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Welfare State<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the system of comprehensive social security and health services which was based on the Beveridge Report of 1942 and implemented by the post-war Labour Government. Often referred to as \u2018cradle to grave\u2019 security.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mixed Economy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the existence of a substantial public sector in the economy alongside a substantial private one. An economic system combining public ownership (most commonly of certain infrastructure industries and services) with the private ownership of the rest of the economy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>New Labour<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the summary label to describe the economic policies devised by the Labour Party in the 1990s to ensure a departure from traditional (\u2018old\u2019) Labour economic policies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Electoral College<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>mechanism used for Labour leadership contests; includes Labour\u2019s constituency members, MPs, MEPs and affiliated trade unions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Orange Book<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>title of a book written by leading Liberal Democrats in 2004, arguing the party should be more supportive of free-market economics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Top-down<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the term used to denote power residing in the leading figures of an organisation, control over the organisation being exercised by those figures over the ordinary members.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Compass<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a Labour Party pressure group, linked to politicians like Ken Livingstone and often referred to as the \u2018new left\u2019. Keen to advocate racial, sexual and cultural equality, as well as economic equality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-timeline\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Timeline<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group timeline-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1f94ecc29d8b6be759c0e60af845bdbc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Labour Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1995: Blair rewrites Clause Four<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1f94ecc29d8b6be759c0e60af845bdbc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Labour Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1997: Labour wins landslide election under Blair<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1997: William Hague becomes Conservative leader<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2001: Hague resigns after election defeat<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2001-2003: Iain Duncan Smith&#8217;s leadership<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2003-2005: Michael Howard&#8217;s leadership<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2005: David Cameron elected Conservative leader<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2006: Charles Kennedy resigns as leader in January; Menzies Campbell elected leader in March<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1f94ecc29d8b6be759c0e60af845bdbc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Labour Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2007: Gordon Brown becomes Prime Minister<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2007: Campbell resigns in October; Nick Clegg elected as leader<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1f94ecc29d8b6be759c0e60af845bdbc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Labour Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2010: Labour loses power<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2010: Conservatives form coalition government with Liberal Democrats after hung parliament<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2010: Liberal Democrats enter coalition government with Conservatives<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2011: AV referendum (supported by Lib Dems) defeated by 2:1 margin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2013: Cameron promises a referendum on EU membership<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2015: Conservatives win majority government under Cameron<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2015: Electoral collapse reduces party to just 8 MPs; Clegg resigns<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1f94ecc29d8b6be759c0e60af845bdbc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Labour Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2015: Jeremy Corbyn becomes leader<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2016: Brexit referendum results in &#8220;Leave&#8221; victory; Cameron resigns<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2019: Jo Swinson becomes leader but loses her seat in December election<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2019: Boris Johnson wins general election with large majority in December<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2020: Johnson leads national response to coronavirus pandemic<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1f94ecc29d8b6be759c0e60af845bdbc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Labour Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2020: Keir Starmer elected leader<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2020: Ed Davey becomes leader<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2022: Liz Truss&#8217;s brief premiership features disastrous mini-budget with \u00a3140bn energy subsidies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#0087dc;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29386e6f4f4c9f7a6fbc30afe3c05678 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conservative Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2024: Conservatives suffer landslide defeat in general election<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#faa61a;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-0781ff4262e6ee2cc14acc422386f477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberal Democrat Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2024: Liberal Democrats win 71 seats in general election despite receiving only 12.2% of the vote<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-color:#e4003b;border-left-width:8px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1f94ecc29d8b6be759c0e60af845bdbc wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Labour Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-merriweather-font-family has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">2024: Labour wins huge majority in general election<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<nav class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents\"><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-chapter-summary\">Chapter Summary<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-learning-objectives\">Learning Objectives<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-quizzes\">Quizzes<\/a><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-discussion-questions\">Discussion Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/politicsuk\/part-2-defining-the-political-world\/chapter-5\/#aioseo-timeline\">Timeline<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Political ideas: the major parties Chapter Summary In the aftermath of the Second World War, some commentators felt that the two major political parties in Britain were \u2018converging\u2019 ideologically. Daniel Bell, an American sociologist, wrote of \u2018the end of ideology\u2019, and in the 1970s a post-war \u2018consensus\u2019 was discerned between the two parties on the&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":150,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-chapter","format":"standard","class_list":["post-32","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Political ideas: the major parties Chapter Summary In the aftermath of the Second World War, some commentators felt that the two major political parties in Britain were \u2018converging\u2019 ideologically. 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