{"id":25,"date":"2026-02-19T17:08:23","date_gmt":"2026-02-19T17:08:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/?p=25"},"modified":"2026-03-13T14:35:43","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T14:35:43","slug":"chapter08","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/chapter08\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 8"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b40c1224 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-manjari-font-family has-large-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">Chapter 8<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-manjari-font-family wp-elements-b3da276087f935c1573c23b63c50bebf\" style=\"color:#01365e;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-size:clamp(1.373rem, 1.373rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.284), 2.24rem);\">Cultural and Ideological Turns<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);background-color:#01365e;color:#01365e\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default has-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5e7bd704 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#b8d4dc;border-width:2px;background-color:#a3d2d938;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-abstract-11\">Abstract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This chapter explores the various intersections between cultural studies and translation studies, marking a shift away from purely linguistic theories toward an emphasis on translation as cultural transfer. It examines how translation engages with broader cultural, ideological, and political dynamics. The discussion begins with Andr\u00e9 Lefevere\u2019s concept of translation as rewriting, highlighting the role of patronage, power, and poetics in shaping literary translation. It then turns to feminist translation theory, particularly the Canadian tradition that seeks to make the feminine visible in and through translation. Queer and transgender translation studies further expand this focus, challenging normative constructions of gender and sexuality and exploring the translation of non-normative identities and experiences. Postcolonial translation studies examine the legacy of colonialism, the role of language, and the politics of cultural representation. The final sections address translation and ideology, looking at how translations can reflect or resist dominant ideologies, especially in global institutions and multilingual societies. The next chapter examines the evolving role of the translator.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-video-introduction-12\">Video Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<media-player  load=\"visible\" id=\"vidstack-video-block_40ad4c210290c54c28e3a671bac0a626\" class=\"vidstack-video\" title=\"Chapter 8 Introduction\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032516561\/introductions\/Videointro_chapter08.mp4\">\n  <media-provider>\n                  <track src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/51\/Videointro_chapter8-en-GB.vtt\" kind=\"subtitles\" srclang=\"en\" label=\"English\">\n                        <media-poster\n          class=\"vds-poster\"\n          alt=\"\">\n        <\/media-poster>\n\n  <\/media-provider>\n  <media-video-layout><\/media-video-layout>\n  <media-controls class=\"vds-controls\">\n      <media-controls-group class=\"vds-controls-group\"><\/media-controls-group>\n  <\/media-controls>\n<\/media-player><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards-13\">Flashcards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Test your understanding of the foundational concepts within the chapter by using these flashcards.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Word-for-word translation (Jerome)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation that operates one word at a time using the most frequent TL correspondent for each ST word.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sense-for-sense translation (Jerome)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation that operates with units of meaning above the word level (e.g. phrase, idiom).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Free translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation approach that manipulates the ST; sometimes refers to \u2018sense-for-sense translation\u2019. The term is not normally used in modern translation theory.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Literal translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation that uses the closest TL correspondents but complies with TL grammatical structures. (Note that there are other definitions of \u2018literal translation\u2019, including \u2018word-for-word translation\u2019).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Faithfulness\/fidelity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term from early translation theory that stressed the need for the TT to be \u2018loyal\u2019 to the ST.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Metaphrase (Dryden)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Overly literal translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Paraphrase (Dryden)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Broadly, \u2018sense-for-sense translation\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Imitation (Dryden)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Adaptation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>x\u00ecn<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Faithfulness. One of Y\u00e1n F\u00f9\u2019s translation \u2018difficulties\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>d\u00e1<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Intelligibility. One of Y\u00e1n F\u00f9\u2019s translation \u2018difficulties\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-quiz-14\">Quiz<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Test your understanding of this chapter with our multiple choice questions.<\/h4>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"8\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 8\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"2\":{\"id\":\"2\",\"quizID\":\"8\",\"pagekey\":\"SVf0OxND\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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3\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Ideological, economic and status\",0,1],[\"Ideological, sponsorship and community\",0,0],[\"Ideological, 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4\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"The poetological\",0,0],[\"The ideological\",0,1],[\"The financial\",0,0]]},\"63\":{\"question_id\":\"63\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following is\\\/are correct about the Canadian feminist translation project?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:77:\\\"Fidelity was directed to the project rather than to the author or source text\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:45:\\\"Translation practice was a political activity\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:53:\\\"The historical role of women translators was stressed\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 5\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Fidelity was directed to the project rather than to the author or source text\",0,1],[\"Translation practice was a political activity\",0,0],[\"The historical role of women translators was stressed\",0,0]]},\"64\":{\"question_id\":\"64\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Spivak (1993\\\/2004: 371-2) condemns \\u2018translatese\\u2019. What is \\u2018translatese\\u2019?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:37:\\\"The translation of postcolonial texts\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:60:\\\"The use of a bland, standardized form of the target language\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:37:\\\"Translation that verges on adaptation\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 6\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"The translation of postcolonial texts\",0,0],[\"The use of a bland, standardized form of the target language\",0,1],[\"Translation that verges on adaptation\",0,0]]},\"65\":{\"question_id\":\"65\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"In Niranjana\\u2019s work, what is the central intersection of translation studies and postcolonial studies?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:84:\\\"Power relations expressed through the projection of an image of the colonial subject\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:57:\\\"The hybrid use of language of the colonizer and colonized\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:29:\\\"The concept of in-betweenness\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 7\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Power relations expressed through the projection of an image of the colonial subject\",0,1],[\"The hybrid use of language of the colonizer and colonized\",0,0],[\"The concept of in-betweenness\",0,0]]},\"66\":{\"question_id\":\"66\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following ideological perspectives are mentioned in this chapter? (select multiple answers)\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:30:\\\"Self-censorship by translators\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:63:\\\"Committed positions adopted by translation theorists themselves\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:35:\\\"Power differences between languages\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 8\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Self-censorship by translators\",0,0],[\"Committed positions adopted by translation theorists themselves\",0,1],[\"Power differences between languages\",0,1]]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-8 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default random '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm8\" id=\"quizForm8\" action=\"\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_8\" value=\"639c7d000f\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_8\" value=\"69cf90886c225\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-59 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What does the label \u2018cultural turn\u2019 refer to?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question59-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question59\" id=\"question59_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question59_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBoth of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question59-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question59\" id=\"question59_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question59_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe application to translation of theoretical concepts from cultural studies\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question59-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question59\" id=\"question59_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question59_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe rejection of purely linguistic translation studies\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question59_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question59\" id=\"question59_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_59\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-60 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>According to Lefevere, what are the two motivations for \u2018rewriting\u2019 literature?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question60-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question60\" id=\"question60_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question60_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIdeological and stylistic\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question60-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question60\" id=\"question60_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question60_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tInstitutional and manipulative\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question60-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question60\" id=\"question60_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question60_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIdeological and poetological\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question60_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question60\" id=\"question60_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_60\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-61 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>According to Lefevere, what are the three elements of patronage outside the literary system?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question61-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question61\" id=\"question61_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question61_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIdeological, sponsorship and community\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question61-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question61\" id=\"question61_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question61_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIdeological, censorship and institution\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question61-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question61\" id=\"question61_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question61_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIdeological, economic and status\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question61_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question61\" id=\"question61_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_61\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-62 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>For Lefevere, which is the dominant factor?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question62-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question62_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe ideological\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question62-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question62_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe poetological\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question62-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question62_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe financial\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question62_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_62\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-63 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is\/are correct about the Canadian feminist translation project?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question63-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question63_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTranslation practice was a political activity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question63-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question63_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFidelity was directed to the project rather than to the author or source text\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question63-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question63_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe historical role of women translators was stressed\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question63_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_63\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-64 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Spivak (1993\/2004: 371-2) condemns \u2018translatese\u2019. What is \u2018translatese\u2019?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question64-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question64_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTranslation that verges on adaptation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question64-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question64_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe translation of postcolonial texts\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question64-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question64_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe use of a bland, standardized form of the target language\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question64_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_64\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-65 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>In Niranjana\u2019s work, what is the central intersection of translation studies and postcolonial studies?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPower relations expressed through the projection of an image of the colonial subject\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe hybrid use of language of the colonizer and colonized\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe concept of in-betweenness\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question65_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_65\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-66 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following ideological perspectives are mentioned in this chapter? (select multiple answers)<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPower differences between languages\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCommitted positions adopted by translation theorists themselves\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSelf-censorship by translators\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question66_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_66\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"59Q60Q61Q62Q63Q64Q65Q66Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"quiz_answer_random_ids\" id=\"quiz_answer_random_ids_8\" value=\"a:8:{i:59;a:3:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:1;}i:60;a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:2;}i:61;a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:0;}i:62;a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:2;}i:63;a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:2;}i:64;a:3:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:1;}i:65;a:3:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;}i:66;a:3:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:0;}}\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-research-questions-13\">Research Questions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lefevere (1992: 9, see chapter) considers translation to be \u2018potentially the most influential\u2019 form of rewriting. How far do you agree with him? Compare this with examples taken from other forms of rewriting (film adaptations, anthologization, historiography, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Look for examples from translations in various times and locations that reveal a gender bias. How is that bias revealed? Is there a pattern to these examples? How might the translator have acted differently?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How far do you agree with Niranjana that translation studies has been overly dominated by Western theories? If this is true, how can or should the situation be changed?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2018Co-existence implies translating the culture and (political, religious, emotional) language of the other into a language and culture that is strengthened by the presence of the other. The alternative to translation is the muteness of fear\u2019 (Cronin 1996: 200, see chapter). How far does this statement hold for the linguistic policies of your own country?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways might the researcher\u2019s own ideology condition the choice of analytical tools and the relation to cultural theory?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ideology has often been understood in the sense of manipulation in translation studies. Look at the recent work in this area. What definitions are given for \u2018ideology\u2019? What assumptions do researchers have about how ideology is manifested in translation? Is there a pattern to the findings of the different studies?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-video-summary-14\">Video Summary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<media-player  load=\"visible\" id=\"vidstack-video-block_9a71d760d61d8988a565fbca0e994155\" class=\"vidstack-video\" title=\"Chapter 8 Summary\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032516561\/summaries\/Videosummary_Chapter08.mp4\">\n  <media-provider>\n                  <track src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/51\/Videosummary_Chapter8-en-GB.vtt\" kind=\"subtitles\" srclang=\"en\" label=\"English\">\n                        <media-poster\n          class=\"vds-poster\"\n          alt=\"\">\n        <\/media-poster>\n\n  <\/media-provider>\n  <media-video-layout><\/media-video-layout>\n  <media-controls class=\"vds-controls\">\n      <media-controls-group class=\"vds-controls-group\"><\/media-controls-group>\n  <\/media-controls>\n<\/media-player><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default has-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5e7bd704 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#b8d4dc;border-width:2px;background-color:#a3d2d938;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-further-reading-15\">Further Reading<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Coming Soon<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-abstract-11\">Abstract<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-video-introduction-12\">Video Introduction<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards-13\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-quiz-14\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-research-questions-13\">Research Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-video-summary-14\">Video Summary<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-further-reading-15\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 8 Cultural and Ideological Turns Abstract This chapter explores the various intersections between cultural studies and translation studies, marking a shift away from purely linguistic theories toward an emphasis on translation as cultural transfer. It examines how translation engages with broader cultural, ideological, and political dynamics. The discussion begins with Andr\u00e9 Lefevere\u2019s concept of&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":413,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions\/413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}