{"id":23,"date":"2026-02-19T17:07:35","date_gmt":"2026-02-19T17:07:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/?p=23"},"modified":"2026-03-13T14:35:23","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T14:35:23","slug":"chapter-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/chapter07\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 7"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b40c1224 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-manjari-font-family has-large-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">Chapter 7<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-manjari-font-family wp-elements-eb5e524c5721f3f282dc6ce377093726\" style=\"color:#01365e;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;font-size:clamp(1.373rem, 1.373rem + ((1vw - 0.2rem) * 1.284), 2.24rem);\">Systems Theories<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);background-color:#01365e;color:#01365e\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default has-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5e7bd704 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#b8d4dc;border-width:2px;background-color:#a3d2d938;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-abstract-11\">Abstract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This chapter examines the development of descriptive approaches to translation, beginning with Even-Zohar\u2019s polysystem theory, which shifted focus from linguistic equivalence to the role of translated literature within the broader literary and historical systems of the target culture. Building on this, Toury established the foundations of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), proposing a target text\u2013oriented methodology that combines linguistic analysis with cultural context to uncover patterns of translational behaviour. His goal was to reconstruct the norms governing translation practices and, ultimately, to identify probabilistic laws that could inform both theory and practice. The chapter also discusses the contribution of the Manipulation School in the 1980s, which emphasized the interplay between theory and empirical case studies, notably through Lambert and van Gorp\u2019s structured model for translation description. Chesterman\u2019s later work on translation norms further refined these ideas, reinforcing the descriptive, data-driven approach to understanding translation within its sociocultural and literary context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-video-introduction-12\">Video Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<media-player  load=\"visible\" id=\"vidstack-video-block_5d442ada8a45fed740158eafd6beff4b\" class=\"vidstack-video\" title=\"Chapter 7 Introduction\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032516561\/introductions\/Videointro_Chapter07.mp4\">\n  <media-provider>\n                  <track src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/51\/Videointro_Chapter7-en-GB.vtt\" kind=\"subtitles\" srclang=\"en\" label=\"English\">\n                        <media-poster\n          class=\"vds-poster\"\n          alt=\"\">\n        <\/media-poster>\n\n  <\/media-provider>\n  <media-video-layout><\/media-video-layout>\n  <media-controls class=\"vds-controls\">\n      <media-controls-group class=\"vds-controls-group\"><\/media-controls-group>\n  <\/media-controls>\n<\/media-player><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards-13\">Flashcards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Test your understanding of the foundational concepts within the chapter by using these flashcards.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Literary system<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a system of functions of the literary order which are in continual interrelationship with other orders<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Polysystem<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a system of various systems which intersect with each other and partly overlap.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Primary position<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Position occupied by the system when it participates actively in shaping the centre of the polysystem<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Secondary position<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Position occupied by the system when it represents a peripheral system within the polysystem with no major influence over the central system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Norms<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Agreed forms of behaviour, partly prescriptive in nature, but weaker than rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Rules<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Strong constraints supported by legislation and carrying legal penalties if broken.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Conventions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Informal forms of behaviour acquired by trial and error.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Initial norms<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refers to general choices made by translators<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Preliminary norms (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refers to translation policy and directness of translation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Operational norms (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refer to the presentation and linguistic matter of the TT<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Textual-linguistic norms (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Govern the selection of TT linguistic material<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Law of growing standardization (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In translation, textual relations obtaining in the original are often modified in favour of more habitual options offered by a target repertoire<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Law of interference (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Interference from ST to TT is inevitable<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Universals of translation (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>common tendencies identified in translated texts<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Product or Expectancy norms (Chesterman 1997)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Established by the expectations of readers of a translation concerning what a translation should be like<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    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(window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"7\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 7\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"2\":{\"id\":\"2\",\"quizID\":\"7\",\"pagekey\":\"iuFcmLUX\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":\"\",\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":1,\"section_comments\":\"\",\"total_questions\":8,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% 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2\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Primary\",0,0],[\"Secondary\",0,1],[\"Young\",0,0]]},\"53\":{\"question_id\":\"53\",\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following is\\\/are an advantage of descriptive translation studies? (select multiple answers)\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:60:\\\"It is systematic and allows different studies to be compared\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:47:\\\"It provides a replicable framework for research\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:40:\\\"It helps to evaluate the quality of a TT\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 3\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"It is systematic and allows different studies to be compared\",0,1],[\"It provides a replicable framework for research\",0,1],[\"It helps to evaluate the quality of a TT\",0,0]]},\"54\":{\"question_id\":\"54\",\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"question_name\":\"Which is the best definition of norms in Toury\\u2019s model?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:51:\\\"Legislation which requires a certain form of action\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:62:\\\"Linguistic conventions specific to a culture, society and time\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:79:\\\"Sociocultural constraints that are acquired through education and socialization\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 4\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Legislation which requires a certain form of action\",0,0],[\"Linguistic conventions specific to a culture, society and time\",0,0],[\"Sociocultural constraints that are acquired through education and socialization\",0,1]]},\"55\":{\"question_id\":\"55\",\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"question_name\":\"What is an \\u2018adequate translation\\u2019 in Toury\\u2019s model?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:30:\\\"A TT that conforms to TL norms\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:35:\\\"A TT that conforms more to SL norms\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:24:\\\"A TT that has few errors\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 5\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"A TT that conforms to TL norms\",0,0],[\"A TT that conforms more to SL norms\",0,1],[\"A TT that has few errors\",0,0]]},\"56\":{\"question_id\":\"56\",\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"question_name\":\"What are Toury\\u2019s two laws of translation?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:62:\\\"The law of growing standardization and the law of interference\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:52:\\\"The law of explicitation and the law of interference\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:63:\\\"The law of growing standardization and the law of explicitation\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 6\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"The law of growing standardization and the law of interference\",0,1],[\"The law of explicitation and the law of interference\",0,0],[\"The law of growing standardization and the law of explicitation\",0,0]]},\"57\":{\"question_id\":\"57\",\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following is correct?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:45:\\\"S-universals are features of all translations\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:51:\\\"S-universals are typical shifts between STs and TTs\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:75:\\\"S-universals are typical features of TTs compared to non-translated writing\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 7\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"S-universals are features of all translations\",0,0],[\"S-universals are typical shifts between STs and TTs\",0,1],[\"S-universals are typical features of TTs compared to non-translated writing\",0,0]]},\"58\":{\"question_id\":\"58\",\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"question_name\":\"Of the norms proposed by Chesterman, which has the most ethical slant?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:3:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:15:\\\"Expectancy norm\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:18:\\\"Communication norm\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:19:\\\"Accountability norm\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:21:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 8\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:11:\\\"isPublished\\\";s:1:\\\"1\\\";s:16:\\\"inline-drop-down\\\";i:1;s:14:\\\"drop-down-type\\\";s:6:\\\"single\\\";s:13:\\\"advance-polar\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:12:\\\"answer_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Expectancy norm\",0,0],[\"Communication norm\",0,0],[\"Accountability norm\",0,1]]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-7 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default random '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm7\" id=\"quizForm7\" action=\"\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_7\" value=\"3e3fc85a5e\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_7\" value=\"69cf90f165a29\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-51 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What does \u2018polysystem\u2019 mean?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question51-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question51_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA hierarchical order of systems that do not interact\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question51-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question51_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA system of intersecting and partially overlapping systems that function as a structured whole\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question51-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question51_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA variety of different systems that function in parallel\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question51_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_51\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-52 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What does Even-Zohar say is the \u2018normal\u2019 position of translated literature?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question52-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question52_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSecondary\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question52-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question52_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tYoung\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question52-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question52_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPrimary\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question52_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_52\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-53 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is\/are an advantage of descriptive translation studies? (select multiple answers)<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question53-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question53_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt is systematic and allows different studies to be compared\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question53-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question53_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt helps to evaluate the quality of a TT\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question53-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question53_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt provides a replicable framework for research\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question53_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_53\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-54 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which is the best definition of norms in Toury\u2019s model?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question54-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question54_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLinguistic conventions specific to a culture, society and time\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question54-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question54_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSociocultural constraints that are acquired through education and socialization\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question54-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question54_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLegislation which requires a certain form of action\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question54_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_54\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-55 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What is an \u2018adequate translation\u2019 in Toury\u2019s model?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question55-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question55_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA TT that conforms more to SL norms\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question55-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question55_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA TT that conforms to TL norms\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question55-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question55_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA TT that has few errors\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question55_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_55\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-56 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What are Toury\u2019s two laws of translation?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question56-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question56_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe law of growing standardization and the law of explicitation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question56-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question56_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe law of explicitation and the law of interference\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question56-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question56_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe law of growing standardization and the law of interference\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question56_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_56\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-57 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is correct?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question57-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question57_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tS-universals are typical features of TTs compared to non-translated writing\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question57-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question57_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tS-universals are features of all translations\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question57-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question57_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tS-universals are typical shifts between STs and TTs\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question57_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_57\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-58 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Of the norms proposed by Chesterman, which has the most ethical slant?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question58-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question58\" id=\"question58_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question58_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAccountability norm\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question58-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question58\" id=\"question58_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question58_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tExpectancy norm\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question58-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question58\" id=\"question58_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question58_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCommunication norm\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question58_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question58\" id=\"question58_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_58\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"51Q52Q53Q54Q55Q56Q57Q58Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"7\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"quiz_answer_random_ids\" id=\"quiz_answer_random_ids_7\" value=\"a:8:{i:51;a:3:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;}i:52;a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:0;}i:53;a:3:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:1;}i:54;a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:0;}i:55;a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:2;}i:56;a:3:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:0;}i:57;a:3:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:1;}i:58;a:3:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:1;}}\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-research-questions-13\">Research Questions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consider the position of translation in the polysystem of your own country. Would you say that it occupies a primary or secondary position? Have there been noticeable changes over the years? What might have caused these changes? As far as translated literature\u2019s own polysystem is concerned, are there variations according to genre, SL, etc.?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Look at the different case studies given in Toury\u2019s Descriptive Translation Studies (2012). What elements do they have in common? What studies could you carry out to test or extend these findings?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analyse suitable ST-TT pairs and compare the results. How feasible are Toury\u2019s proposed laws of translation and Chesterman\u2019s S-universals and T-universals?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Find other examples of studies which seem to support or challenge Toury\u2019s laws of standardization and interference. Pym\u2019s article \u2018On Toury\u2019s laws of how translators translate\u2019 (Pym 2008, see Further Reading) discusses the commonplaceness and contradiction in the two laws through the concept of social conditions and translator risk-avoidance. What examples can you find to support or challenge this possible unification? What extra-linguistic variables seem to condition the laws?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Find examples of audiovisual translation that contain dialects or sociolects. Is there a pattern to the way they are translated? What does this indicate about the norms involved in the translation process? Compare with dialogue translation in other genres, such as novels and plays.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-top-style:none;border-top-width:0px;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-color:#01365e;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:0px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-video-summary-14\">Video Summary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<media-player  load=\"visible\" id=\"vidstack-video-block_dc577eb4b8ba5533340a9a8c92091579\" class=\"vidstack-video\" title=\"Chapter 7 Summary\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032516561\/summaries\/Videosummary_Chapter07.mp4\">\n  <media-provider>\n                  <track src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/51\/Videosummary_Chapter7-en-GB.vtt\" kind=\"subtitles\" srclang=\"en\" label=\"English\">\n                        <media-poster\n          class=\"vds-poster\"\n          alt=\"\">\n        <\/media-poster>\n\n  <\/media-provider>\n  <media-video-layout><\/media-video-layout>\n  <media-controls class=\"vds-controls\">\n      <media-controls-group class=\"vds-controls-group\"><\/media-controls-group>\n  <\/media-controls>\n<\/media-player><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default has-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5e7bd704 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#b8d4dc;border-width:2px;background-color:#a3d2d938;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-further-reading-15\">Further Reading<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Coming Soon<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-abstract-11\">Abstract<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-video-introduction-12\">Video Introduction<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards-13\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-quiz-14\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-research-questions-13\">Research Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-video-summary-14\">Video Summary<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-further-reading-15\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 7 Systems Theories Abstract This chapter examines the development of descriptive approaches to translation, beginning with Even-Zohar\u2019s polysystem theory, which shifted focus from linguistic equivalence to the role of translated literature within the broader literary and historical systems of the target culture. Building on this, Toury established the foundations of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS),&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":412,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23\/revisions\/412"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}