{"id":326,"date":"2026-03-10T15:48:26","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T15:48:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/?page_id=326"},"modified":"2026-03-18T14:31:23","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T14:31:23","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-0bb440d2 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-color has-secondary-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032516561\/Glossary.docx\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:16px;border-top-right-radius:16px;border-bottom-left-radius:16px;border-bottom-right-radius:16px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);font-size:clamp(14.642px, 0.915rem + ((1vw - 3.2px) * 0.681), 22px);\">Download the Complete Glossary<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Test your understanding of the foundational concepts within the chapter by using these flashcards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-background\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);background-color:#01365e;color:#01365e\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-17b1e058 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intralingual translation (Jakobson)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Rewording in the same language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Interlingual translation (Jakobson)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Translation between different languages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intersemiotic translation (Jakobson)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Translation from one mode to another (e.g. verbal to non-verbal).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Applied translation studies (Holmes)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Translation theory applied to translator training, translation aids and translation criticism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Audiovisual translation (AVT)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The translation of film and other screen products.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subtitling<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Translation of dialogue that appears in lines on the screen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Dubbing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Spoken translation of a film, etc., synchronised with the actor\u2019s lips.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Strategy (Vinay and Darbelnet)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Overall approach to a translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Procedure (Vinay and Darbelnet)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Micro-level decision in a translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Source language (SL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The language of the text to be translated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Target language (TL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The language of the translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Source text (ST)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The text that is to be translated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Target text (TT)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The translated text.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Metalanguage of translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Terminology to describe the field of translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Word-for-word translation (Jerome)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation that operates one word at a time using the most frequent TL correspondent for each ST word.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sense-for-sense translation (Jerome)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation that operates with units of meaning above the word level (e.g. phrase, idiom).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Free translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation approach that manipulates the ST; sometimes refers to \u2018sense-for-sense translation\u2019. The term is not normally used in modern translation theory.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Literal translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation that uses the closest TL correspondents but complies with TL grammatical structures. (Note that there are other definitions of \u2018literal translation\u2019, including \u2018word-for-word translation\u2019).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Faithfulness\/fidelity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term from early translation theory that stressed the need for the TT to be \u2018loyal\u2019 to the ST.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Metaphrase (Dryden)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Overly literal translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Paraphrase (Dryden)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Broadly, \u2018sense-for-sense translation\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Imitation (Dryden)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Adaptation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>x\u00ecn<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Faithfulness. One of Y\u00e1n F\u00f9\u2019s translation \u2018difficulties\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>d\u00e1<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Intelligibility. One of Y\u00e1n F\u00f9\u2019s translation \u2018difficulties\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>y\u01ce<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Elegance. One of Y\u00e1n F\u00f9\u2019s translation \u2018difficulties\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Linguistic universalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>consider that although languages may differ in the way they convey meaning and in the surface realisations of that meaning, there is a shared way of thinking and experiencing of that meaning<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Linguistic relativity and determinism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>claims that differences in languages shape different conceptualizations of the world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Kernel (Nida and Taber)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The basic structural elements out of which language builds its elaborate surface structures<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Linguistic meaning<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The relationship between different linguistic structures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Referential meaning<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The denotative, \u2018dictionary\u2019 meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Emotive or connotative meaning<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The associations a word produces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Formal equivalence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content aiming to have the message in the receptor language matching as closely as possible the different elements in the source language\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Dynamic or Functional equivalence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Equivalence is achieved on the basis of equivalent effect. i.e. ,\u2018the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message\u2019 (Nida 1964a: 159)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Denotative equivalence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Equivalence of the extralinguistic content of a text<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Connotative equivalence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Equivalence related to the associations evoked by a lexical choice, especially between near-synonyms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Text-normative equivalence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Equivalence related to text types, with different kinds of texts behaving in different ways<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pragmatic equivalence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Equivalence oriented towards the receiver of the text or message<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Formal equivalence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Equivalence related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes wordplays and the individual stylistic features of the ST.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Multimodality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refer to a field of research and a phenomenon of communication that combines different modes, such as image, speech, writing or gestures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Strategy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Term normally used to refer to macro-level solutions and an overall orientation of the translator. These are in a large part determined by the brief.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Procedure<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Term used to refer to micro-level solutions, i.e. to the local decisions and specific techniques used by the translator at a certain point in a text.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>direct translation (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995\/2004)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>General translation strategy identified by V&amp;D that corresponds to literal translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>oblique translation (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995\/2004)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>General translation strategy identified by V&amp;D that corresponds to free translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>translation shift<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Linguistic changes occurring in translation of ST to TT.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>unit of translation (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995\/2004)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>&#8220;the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually&#8221;. In this respect, it is a combination of a \u2018lexicological unit\u2019 and a \u2018unit of thought\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>formal correspondence (Catford 1965)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>&#8220;Any TL category (unit, class, element of structure etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the &#8221; same&#8221; place in the &#8221; economy&#8221; of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL&#8221; (Catford 1965: 27)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>textual equivalent (Catford 1965)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>&#8220;Any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion \u2026 to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text&#8221; (Catford 1965: 27)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Markedness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Relates to a choice or patterns of choices that stand out as unusual and may come to the reader\u2019s attention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>corpus\/corpora<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A corpus is a large, principled collection of naturally occurring examples of texts stored electronically.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>cognitive approach<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research approach focused on studying internal mental processes such as attention, perception, memory and decision-making.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Monolingual corpora<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Collections of texts in the same language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Comparable bilingual corpora<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Collections of similar source texts in two or more languages which can be \u2018mined\u2019 for terminology and other equivalences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Parallel corpora<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Collection of ST\u2013TT pairs aligned sentence-by-sentence or paragraph-by-paragraph.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>corpus-driven\u2019 research<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research that builds up from corpus data towards patterns and generalizations<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>corpus-based\u2019 approach<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research that takes a pre-existing theory as its starting point and uses the corpus to test the theory.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>relevance theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Cognitive-based theory of communication that proposes human communication is guided by a principle of optimal relevance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>situated socio-cognitive approach<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Socio-cognitive approach that emphasizes that knowledge and cognition are not abstract but are instead embedded within specific physical, social, and cultural contexts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>4EA approach<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Interdisciplinary cognitive science framework that posits cognition is not solely confined to the brain but is influenced by the body, social context, environmental interactions, and emotions<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>keystroke logging<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Keystroke logging is the act of tracking and recording every keystroke entry made on a computer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>eye-tracking<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Eye-tracking refers to the act of recording the movements of the eyes, pauses and pupil dilation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>think aloud protocols<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research methods in which the translator is asked to verbalize their thought processes while translating or immediately afterwards (retrospective protocol), often with no prompting on content.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>participant observation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research method in which the researcher is immersed in the day-to-day activities of the participants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Text type (Reiss)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Type of text categorized according to the predominant language function: informative, expressive or operative.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Genre (Reiss)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Variety of text that conforms to a text type: e.g., the genre \u2018encyclopaedia\u2019 is an informative text type.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Localization<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The adaptation of a ST to the target locale.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Translatorial action (Holz-M\u00e4ntt\u00e4ri)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Views translation as purpose-driven intercultural transfer involving a number of actors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Commission, or brief<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The instructions given to the translator about the translation requirements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Skopos theory (Reiss and Vermeer)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory that centres on the purpose of translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Functional adequacy (Reiss and Vermeer)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Fulfilling the requirements of the skopos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The two rules of functional adequacy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The coherence rule and the fidelity rule.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Documentary translation (Nord)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The TT gives the reader access to the ST but is clearly a translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Instrumental translation (Nord)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The TT operates as if it were a text originally written in the TL.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Systemic functional linguistics (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A socio-semiotic theory of language developed by Michael Halliday. Used by Hatim and Mason, and others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Register analysis (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Analysis of the contextual variables of a communicative situation: Field, tenor, mode.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Field (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>What the text is about and how this experience is represented.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Tenor (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The relationship between participants in the communication.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mode (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The form of communication (e.g. written, spoken).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ideational function (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The strand of meaning that is associated with field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Interpersonal function (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The strand of meaning that is associated with tenor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Textual (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The strand of meaning that is associated with mode.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Lexicogrammar (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The vocabulary and structures that produce meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Meaning potential (SFL)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The resources available to a language at any given point in a text.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Translation quality assessment (TQA)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The evaluation of the quality of a TT.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Covert translation (House)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A TT that operates as an original ST.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Overt translation (House)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A TT that does not hide its status as a translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cultural filter (House)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Modification of culture-specific terms by the translator in order to make the text more accessible to the TT audience.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Thematic structure<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Word order and information structure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Markedness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Significant or predominant linguistic features.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cohesion (Halliday and Hasan)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>How a text holds together linguistically through: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, lexis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pragmatics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Language in use.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Appraisal framework (Martin and White)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A development of SFL\u2019s interpersonal theory of language, focusing on evaluative choices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Socio-narrative theory (Somers and Gibson)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>How a story is built from multiple sources and experiences that confirm or challenge existing power structures. Used by Baker, Harding, Bo\u00e9ri, Sadler and others to investigate the ethical positioning of a text\/translator.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Framing (Goffman)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The socially constructed interpretation of reality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Literary system<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a system of functions of the literary order which are in continual interrelationship with other orders<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Polysystem<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a system of various systems which intersect with each other and partly overlap.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Primary position<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Position occupied by the system when it participates actively in shaping the centre of the polysystem<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Secondary position<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Position occupied by the system when it represents a peripheral system within the polysystem with no major influence over the central system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Norms<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Agreed forms of behaviour, partly prescriptive in nature, but weaker than rules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Rules<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Strong constraints supported by legislation and carrying legal penalties if broken.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Conventions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Informal forms of behaviour acquired by trial and error.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Initial norms<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refers to general choices made by translators<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Preliminary norms (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refers to translation policy and directness of translation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Operational norms (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refer to the presentation and linguistic matter of the TT<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Textual-linguistic norms (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Govern the selection of TT linguistic material<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Law of growing standardization (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In translation, textual relations obtaining in the original are often modified in favour of more habitual options offered by a target repertoire<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Law of interference (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Interference from ST to TT is inevitable<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Universals of translation (Toury 1995)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>common tendencies identified in translated texts<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Product or Expectancy norms (Chesterman 1997)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Established by the expectations of readers of a translation concerning what a translation should be like<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Professionals<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>critics, reviewers, academics, translators<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Patronage<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>individuals, groups, institutions<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Post-translation studies<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An interdisciplinary theory of translation, conceived in the 2010s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Gender studies<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Examines how gender shapes societal structures, norms, and practices<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Trans* studies<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Examines gender identity and expression, particularly in regard to people who are not cisgender<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Queer studies<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>analyses same-sex desire, non-normative sexualities, and critiques the treatment of dominant sexualities in texts<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>misrecognizing translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Demont&#8217;s term for a translation that rewrites a text from a certain hegemonic standpoint<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Minoritizing translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Demont&#8217;s term for a specific, unidimensional strategy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>queering translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Demont&#8217;s term for a translation that aims to make evident and recreate the queerness of the source text<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>decolonial translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>like postcolonial translation, but stemming from a different intellectual and geographical background (Latin America)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>reparative translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In the words of Bandia, it &#8216;seeks to redress the inequities and power differentials resulting from the condition of colonisation and\/or enslavement that are manifest in encounters between subaltern and dominant language cultures\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>inbetweenness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>in-betweenness refers to the hybrid space where cultures intersect, challenge, and negotiate identities<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>third space<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a hybrid, liminal space where cultures intersect and interact, challenging fixed identities and creating new meanings<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>postcolonial translation theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Examines how translation reflects and shapes power dynamics between cultures, particularly in contexts marked by colonial histories<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Translator invisibility<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The minimization or erasure of the translator from the text or paratext, producing an illusion of transparency, according to Venuti<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Translator visibiilty<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The explicit presence of the translator in the text or paratext, foregrounding their role<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Domestication<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation stategy that produces translations in a transparent, fluent, \u2018invisible\u2019 style in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT (Venut)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Foreignization<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation strategy that &#8216;entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language\u2019 (Venuti)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Minoritizing translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A foreignizing translation strategy that amplifies minority or marginalized voices and perspectives (Venuti)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>negative analytic<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>&#8220;The negative analytic is primarily concerned with ethnocentric, annexationist translations and hypertextual translations (pastiche, imitation, adaptation, free writing), where the play of deforming forces is freely exercised.&#8221; (Berman)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>translator-activist<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Four types: witness-bearer, voice-giver, vernacular mediator, the revolutionary<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sociology of translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Studying the social nature of translation and the study of translators (\u2018translator studies\u2019)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>habitus<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The broad social, identitary and cognitive make-up or \u2018disposition\u2019 of the individual, which is heavily influenced by family and education<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>field<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A structured social arena with its own rules, power relations, and valued resources, in which agents compete to accumulate and convert different forms of capital (Bourdieu)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>actor-network theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A sociological approach conceived by Bruno Latour involving human and non-human actors interacting in a network<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>micro-history<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A bottom-up method of analysing history; it concentrates on the fine detail of the life of an ordinary individual (or event) that throws light on the bigger societal picture of that time<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>paratexts<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refers to verbal and visual material in the <strong>peritexts<\/strong> (material inside the volume) or <strong>epitexts<\/strong> (material outside the volume)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>hermeneutical approach<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The investigation of what it means to \u201cunderstand\u201d a piece of oral or written speech, and the attempt to diagnose this process in terms of a general model of meaning<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Steiner&#8217;s hermeneutic motion<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A four phase model: initiative trust, aggresion, incorporation, compensation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Abusive fidelity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An experimental translation strategy, proposed by Philip Lewis, that involves risk-taking and intentionally tampering with standard language usage to match the expressive and rhetorical force of the original<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Resistant difference<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The tension and ambiguity arising from the differences between the source and target languages and cultures<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Elective affinity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept by Steiner where the translator feels a deep, kindred connection to a text, recognizing themselves in it, which transcends resistant difference<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Deconstruction<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A philosophical movement, led by Jacques Derrida, that dismantles key linguistic premises by questioning the stability of meaning and the fixed relationship between signifier and signified<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cannibalist translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A Brazilian postcolonial movement where the colonizer&#8217;s language is metaphorically devoured and absorbed to create a new, energized, and decolonized form of literature and language<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pure language<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A higher, magical language that is released through the harmonization of the source and target texts, achieved via a word-for-word, literal translation (cf. Benjamin).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>linguistic hospitality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Ric\u0153ur&#8217;s term for an ethical translation process respecting both the source and target cultures and languges<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>sacramental intake<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>when the target culture ingests and becomes enriched by the foreign text (Steiner)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Localisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Translation and adaptation of a given product to meet the expectations of the target locale.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Transcreation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation-related activity that combines processes of linguistic translation, cultural adaptation and (re-)creation or creative re-interpretation of certain parts of a text.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Medio-translatology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach to translation developed by Tianzhen Xie that combines comparative literature with translation studies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Variational translational theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach to translation developed by Zhonglian Huang and focused on translations that are partial, abridged, \u2018unfaithful\u2019, interlingual or intralingual adaptations, or rewritings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Communities of afinity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Communities of readers, viewers or users of translation organized around shared interests and expectations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Fansubbing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Subtitling performed and distributed by fans online.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Computer-assisted translation (CAT)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Software tools that assist human translators work faster and more consistently by leveraging former translations via the use of translation memories and terminology databases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Machine translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Software tools that perform translation automatically without human intervention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Translation unit<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A segment of text that a translator treats as a single unit for the purpose of finding an equivalent in the target text.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Rule-based Machine Translation (RBMT)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of machine translation that relies on comprehensive sets of linguistic rules and dictionaries to translate text from a source language to a target language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Statistical Machine Translation (SMT)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of machine translation that uses statistical models to translate text based on large amounts of existing human translations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Neural Machine Translation (NMT)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of machine translation that uses artificial deep learning neural networks to translate text between languages by learning from large amounts of real-world text data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Large Language Models (LLMs)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Advanced AI programs trained on large datasets of text and code, enabling them to understand, generate, and manipulate human language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Post-editing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of reviewing and correcting machine-translated text by a human translator<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Risk management<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks, followed by the minimization, monitoring, and control of the impact or probability of those risks occurring<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Translation quality assessment (TQA)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of systematically assessing a translated text to ensure its accuracy, readability, and acceptability for a target audience.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Anthropomorphism of automated translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Expression used to refer to the output generated by LLMs that reads and sounds as if produced by a human being.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hallucinations<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A response generated by AI that contains false or misleading information presented as fact.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Eco-translatology (\u751f\u6001\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5b66, Sh\u0113ngt\u00e0i f\u0101ny\u00ec xu\u00e9)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach developed by Hu Gengshen that builds on the notion of unity between man and nature and establishes a comparison between natural ecosystems and translational ecosystems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Crowdsourcing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The practice of obtaining information or input into a task or project by enlisting the services of a large number of people, either paid or unpaid, typically via the internet<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Collaborative translation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A process where two or more individuals or entities work together to create a translated product.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Translation ecology (Cronin)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A translation practice that gives control to speakers and translators of minority languages of what, when and how texts might be translated into and out of their languages<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Consilience (Chesterman, drawing on Wilson)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The linking together of various methods of inquiry in order to advance knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Bio-semiotic theory of translation (Marais, drawing on Peirce and Gorl\u00e9e)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Conceptualizes translation as a semiotic process of change. All translation is considered to be \u2018intersemiotic\u2019 communication between sign systems, operating under certain constraints.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Test your understanding of the foundational concepts within the chapter by using these flashcards.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-326","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=326"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":457,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/326\/revisions\/457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/introducingtranslationstudies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}