Chapter 11

Translation and adaptation of a given product to meet the expectations of the target locale.

A translation-related activity that combines processes of linguistic translation, cultural adaptation and (re-)creation or creative re-interpretation of certain parts of a text.

An approach to translation developed by Tianzhen Xie that combines comparative literature with translation studies.

An approach to translation developed by Zhonglian Huang and focused on translations that are partial, abridged, ‘unfaithful’, interlingual or intralingual adaptations, or rewritings.

Communities of readers, viewers or users of translation organized around shared interests and expectations.

Subtitling performed and distributed by fans online.

Software tools that assist human translators work faster and more consistently by leveraging former translations via the use of translation memories and terminology databases.

Software tools that perform translation automatically without human intervention.

A segment of text that a translator treats as a single unit for the purpose of finding an equivalent in the target text.

A method of machine translation that relies on comprehensive sets of linguistic rules and dictionaries to translate text from a source language to a target language.

A method of machine translation that uses statistical models to translate text based on large amounts of existing human translations.

A method of machine translation that uses artificial deep learning neural networks to translate text between languages by learning from large amounts of real-world text data.

Advanced AI programs trained on large datasets of text and code, enabling them to understand, generate, and manipulate human language.

The process of reviewing and correcting machine-translated text by a human translator

Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks, followed by the minimization, monitoring, and control of the impact or probability of those risks occurring

The process of systematically assessing a translated text to ensure its accuracy, readability, and acceptability for a target audience.

Expression used to refer to the output generated by LLMs that reads and sounds as if produced by a human being.

A response generated by AI that contains false or misleading information presented as fact.

An approach developed by Hu Gengshen that builds on the notion of unity between man and nature and establishes a comparison between natural ecosystems and translational ecosystems.

The practice of obtaining information or input into a task or project by enlisting the services of a large number of people, either paid or unpaid, typically via the internet

A process where two or more individuals or entities work together to create a translated product.