Chapter 3

Abstract

This chapter explores the pivotal role of linguistics in shaping modern translation theory during the 1950s and 1960s, focusing on the concepts of meaning and equivalence. It highlights Roman Jakobson’s foundational 1959 work and the influential contributions of Eugene Nida, who proposed that translations should aim for an equivalent effect—producing the same response in the target-language audience as the original did in the source-language audience. While the attainability of such equivalence has since been debated, Nida’s lasting impact lies in shifting the focus of translation theory away from the traditional literal versus free translation dichotomy. His distinction between formal and dynamic equivalence brought attention to the receiver’s experience and laid the groundwork for more systematic, function-oriented models of translation. Nida’s influence has been especially strong in German translation studies. The chapter sets the stage for a further examination of linguistic models and their role in translation theory in the next chapter.

Video Introduction

Flashcards

Test your understanding of the foundational concepts within the chapter by using these flashcards.

Quiz

Test your understanding of this chapter with our multiple choice questions.

Research Questions

Equivalence and the principle of equivalent effect are keystones of Nida’s theory of translation. Research more deeply the arguments around the issues and how the concepts have developed over the years (see the Further Reading section for initial references). Why do you consider that there has been such heated debate? How can the concepts be used in translator training today?
‘Nida provides an excellent model for translation which involves a manipulation of a text to serve the interests of a religious belief, but he fails to provide the groundwork for what the West in general conceives of as a “science”’ (Gentzler 2001: 59, see Further Reading). Do you agree with Gentzler? Is this model tied to religious texts? How well does it work for other genres (e.g. advertising, scientiﬁc texts, literature, etc.)?
Newmark (1981: 39, see Exploration) states: ‘In communicative as in semantic translation, provided that equivalent effect is secured, the literal word-for-word translation is not only the best, it is the only valid method of translation.’ Find examples of texts that support or challenge this claim. Revise the wording of the claim according to your findings.

Equivalence and Meaning