{"id":250,"date":"2026-01-09T08:33:26","date_gmt":"2026-01-09T08:33:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/?post_type=content&#038;p=250"},"modified":"2026-08-21T08:53:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T08:53:19","slug":"chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/chapter-4\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>Chapter 4:<\/span> Nonverbal Communication"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-989c04adfadf6e3b01b3cd9705d82641 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#ce6857;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/\">Chapter Resources<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\"><span>Chapter 4:<\/span> Nonverbal Communication<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><h2 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\"><span>Chapter 4:<\/span> Nonverbal Communication<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nonverbal communication encompasses how people create and exchange meaning through nonverbal behavior. This chapter reviews the channels through which nonverbal messages are conveyed, and characteristics of nonverbal communication as a symbol system. Four functions of nonverbal communication \u2013 communicating emotion, communicating liking, communicating power and status, and regulating conversation \u2013 are discussed. The chapter identifies how verbal and nonverbal communication come together in interactions, and it delves into interactions that involve deception or negotiate sexual intimacy. Suggestions for improving nonverbal communication include developing an awareness of nonverbal cues, using nonverbal cues to manage relationships and interactions, and navigating high-stakes interactions where the integration of verbal and nonverbal communication is especially consequential.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-how-do-you-rate-15\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Do You Rate?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a788f6d8 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#faf2d4;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"alignwide wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Try the interactive activity below, or download the form for an accessible and printable version.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons alignwide is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fse-isr-plus-2025-flat-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/HDYR-chapter4.zip\" style=\"background-color:#e4bca3;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download all <em>How Do You Rate?<\/em> assessment forms (zip 68KB)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-4-1-future-time-orientation-scale-13\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 4.1: Future Time Orientation Scale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-4-2-nonverbal-immediacy-19\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 4.2: Nonverbal Immediacy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-communication-in-action-27\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Communication In Action<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fse-isr-plus-2025-flat-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-chapter4.zip\" style=\"background-color:#e4bca3;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download all <em>Communication in Action<\/em> forms (zip 121KB)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-04-1.docx\" title=\"CIA-04-1\">Download CIA Form 4.1: <em>Witnessing Nonverbal Behavior in Context<\/em> (docx 28KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-04-2.docx\" title=\"CIA-04-2\">Download CIA Form 4.2: <em>Nonverbal Meaning Across Cultures<\/em> (docx 37KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-04-3.docx\" title=\"CIA-04-3\">Download CIA Form 4.3: <em>Forming Facial Expressions of Emotion<\/em> (docx 27KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-04-4.docx\" title=\"CIA-04-4\">Download CIA Form 4.4: <em>Charting the Course of Interaction<\/em> (docx 26KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-04-5.docx\" title=\"CIA-04-5\">Download CIA Form 4.5: <em>Creating a Sexual Script<\/em> (docx 26KB)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-connect-with-theory-19\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Connect with Theory<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 4.1: Truth-default Theory <\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Truth-default theory<\/strong> centers on the idea that people tend to accept what others say to be honest and this defaulting to truth has adaptive values for both individuals and the collective. Tim Levine and colleagues developed the theory in an attempt to make sense of research findings showing that people are terrible lie-detectors and their detection accuracy was only slightly above chance. Through a series of studies across diverse populations, researchers found that most communication in daily life is honest; that is, most people communicate to be understood rather than being deceitful. People do not lie unless telling the truth is inconvenient or interferes with achieving certain goals (Levine, 2014). Because of the low occurrence of deception in real life, our tendency to believe our interaction partners serve us well in daily social interaction. By assuming what we hear to be true, we save cognitive energy and resources that could be better invested elsewhere. Society as a whole also benefits because social coordination and cooperation is made possible and more efficient when people do not deliberately question everything other people say. At the same time, truth default also makes people vulnerable to occasional deceit. People do not actively question the truthfulness of others\u2019 communication unless they are given a reason for suspicion. And as it turns out, we aren\u2019t very accurate at making honesty\/deception judgments when relying solely on observing someone\u2019s nonverbal behavior or scrutinizing the content of their communication. What does help us detect a lie, the theory argues, is when we pay attention to contextualized communication content. This is usually achieved through comparing what is said to third party information, external evidence, our preexisting knowledge, or the target person\u2019s later confession (Park et al. 2002). A lie can also be effectively detected when we strategically question the potential liar to expose the inconsistencies in their statements (Levine et al., 2014). Overall, the theory provides a unique account of the psychology of lying and deception detection. Recent research has also extended the truth bias phenomenon into contexts such as intergroup communication (Fan et al., 2022), misinformation (Zimmerman et al., 2022), generative AI (Markowitz &amp; Hancock, 2023), among others.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fan, X., Griffin, D. J., &amp; Tagg, E. P. (2022). Lie judgment trigger sensitivity and truth-bias: truth default theory in intergroup communication. <em>Communication Quarterly, 70<\/em>(4), 448\u2013468. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01463373.2022.2079994\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01463373.2022.2079994<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Levine, T. R. (2014). Truth-default theory (TDT) a theory of human deception and deception detection. <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33<\/em>(4), 378\u2013392.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927x14535916\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927&#215;14535916<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Levine, T. R. (2022). Truth-default theory and the psychology of lying and deception detection. <em>Current Opinion in Psychology, 47<\/em>, Article 101380. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101380\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101380<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Levine, T. R., Clare, D. D., Blair, J. P., McCornack, S., Morrison, K., &amp; Park, H. S. (2014). Expertise in deception detection involves actively prompting diagnostic information rather than passive behavioral observation. <em>Human Communication Research, 40<\/em>(4), 442\u2013462. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hcre.12032\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hcre.12032<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Markowitz, D. M., &amp; Hancock, J. T. (2024). Generative AI are more truth-biased than humans: A replication and extension of core truth-default theory principles. <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 43<\/em>(2), 261\u2013267. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927x231220404\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927&#215;231220404<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Park, H. S., Levine, T., McCornack, S., Morrison, K., &amp; Ferrara, M. (2002). How people really detect lies. <em>Communication Monographs, 69<\/em>(2), 144\u2013157. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/714041710\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/714041710<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; Zimmerman, T., Njeri, M., Khader, M., &amp; Allen, J. (2022). Default to truth in information behavior: a proposed framework for understanding vulnerability to deceptive information. <em>Information and Learning Sciences, 123<\/em>(1\/2), 111\u2013126. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ils-08-2021-0067\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ils-08-2021-0067<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 4.2: Interpersonal Deception Theory<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Interpersonal deception theory<\/strong> explains the process and outcomes of deception in interpersonal interaction. The theory argues that deception is a goal-oriented, intentional, and strategic communicative behavior. People lie to satisfy a host of goals, such as maintaining a positive image, preventing relational conflict, avoiding awkward social situations, protecting one\u2019s privacy, or influencing others to comply with a request. According to the theory, deception is a dynamic process where both the deceiver and the receiver are active participants in deceptive conversations. For deceivers, they think about how the receiver may react to the deceit, how they can appear credible, and how they can adapt to the receiver\u2019s feedback or suspicion. Importantly, deceivers manage not only the content of the message (e.g., hide, distort, omit, or avoid information), but they also adjust their nonverbal behaviors and language style to put forward a credible self-presentation. Receivers also play an important role in deception, such that their expectations or goals of the interaction, knowledge of the other person or the relationship, communication skills in deciphering social and emotional cues, or suspicion of the messages shape how the interaction goes. For example, a receiver may become particularly vigilant if he\/she is uncertain whether the sender is telling the truth or not, strategically adapt his\/her communication style to get the truth out, or provide feedback to the sender that conveys either acceptance or skepticism. As the theory argues, the sender and the receiver of a deceptive episode mutually influence one another over the course of an interaction and shape the outcomes of deception. The theory provides a useful lens for examining deception in a variety of contexts, such as linguistic traces of deception in online dating profiles (Toma &amp; Hancock, 2012), motives for deception in romantic relationships (Guthrie &amp; Kunkel, 2013), and deceptive behaviors conducive to online fraud (Maimon et al., 2019).&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buller, D. B., &amp; Burgoon, J. K. (1996). Interpersonal deception theory. <em>Communication Theory<\/em>, <em>6<\/em>(3), 203\u2013242. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00127.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468\u20132885.1996.tb00127.x<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burgoon, J. K. (2015). Rejoinder to Levine, Clare et al.&#8217;s comparison of the Park\u2013Levine probability model versus interpersonal deception theory: Application to deception detection. <em>Human Communication Research, 41<\/em>(3), 327\u2013349. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hcre.12065\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hcre.12065<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Guthrie, J., &amp; Kunkel, A. (2013). Tell me sweet (and not-so-sweet) little lies: Deception in romantic relationships. <em>Communication Studies, 64<\/em>(2), 141\u2013157. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10510974.2012.755637\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10510974.2012.755637<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maimon, D., Santos, M., &amp; Park, Y. (2019). Online deception and situations conducive to the progression of non-payment fraud. <em>Journal of Crime and Justice, 42<\/em>(5), 516\u2013535. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0735648X.2019.1691857\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0735648X.2019.1691857<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thomas, J. Y., &amp; Biros, D. P. (2020). An empirical evaluation of interpersonal deception theory in a real-world, high-stakes environment. <em>Journal of Criminal Psychology, 10<\/em>(3), 185\u2013199. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jcp-07-2019-0025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jcp-07-2019-0025<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toma, C. L., &amp; Hancock, J. T. (2012). What lies beneath: The linguistic traces of deception in online dating profiles. <em>Journal of Communication, 62<\/em>(1), 78\u201397.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2011.01619.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460\u20132466.2011.01619.x<\/a>&nbsp; Wise, M., &amp; Rodriguez, D. (2013). Detecting deceptive communication through computer-mediated technology: Applying interpersonal deception theory to texting behavior. <em>Communication Research Reports, 30<\/em>(4), 342\u2013346. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08824096.2013.823861\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08824096.2013.823861<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"74\" height=\"74\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon-FLASH.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-409\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-flashcards-21\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Accenting<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When nonverbal cues add emphasis to a word or phrase.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Analogic Codes<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Symbols that bear a physical resemblance to the thing they represent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Back-channel Communication<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Non-language utterances that show understanding or involvement and help to move an interaction along.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Chronemics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A nonverbal communication channel that encompasses how attitudes about time or the use of time convey meaningful information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Complementing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When nonverbal cues enhance ideas that are being spoken.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Contradicting<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When nonverbal cues are in contrast to the words that are spoken.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Deception<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Intentional and strategic behavior designed to promote a false belief within another person.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Deintensification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Downplaying particularly strong emotions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Emblems<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Gestures that have a direct verbal translation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Haptics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A nonverbal communication channel that encompasses the use of touch and physical contact. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Immediacy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The degree of physically or psychologically perceived closeness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intensification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Displaying emotions that are stronger than the felt emotion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Kinesics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A nonverbal communication channel that encompasses body movement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Masking<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Displaying a different emotion than the one that is truly felt.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Micro-aggressions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Subtle forms of discrimination, including hostile body language, decreased smiling, irritated tone of voice, and limited eye contact.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Micro-momentary Facial Expressions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Brief unobservable expressions of underlying emotion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Monochronic Time Orientation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A cultural trait that reflects a desire to do one thing at a time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Nonverbal Behaviors<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Human actions that have the potential to form meaningful messages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Nonverbal Communication<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of creating meaning in the minds of others through nonverbal behaviors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Nonverbal Communication Channel<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The various parts of your body or features of the context that convey messages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Nonverbal leakage<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When a deceiver subconsciously reveals their deception through uncontrollable nonverbal behaviors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Paralinguistics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A nonverbal communication channel that encompasses the ways that qualities of the voice, other than the words that are spoken.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Polychronic Time Orientation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A cultural trait that stresses informality and reflects little regard for artificial schedules.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A person&#8217;s ability to influence or control the actions of others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Proxemics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A nonverbal communication channel that encompasses the use of physical space. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Simulation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Displaying emotions that are not actually felt.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Status<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A person&#8217;s social position within a given community or culture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Substituting<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When nonverbal cues replace a word that conveys the same meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Variable Intensity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Nonverbal behaviors can show a lot or a little of the idea that they represent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    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communication encompasses how people create and exchange meaning through nonverbal behavior. This chapter reviews the channels through which nonverbal messages are conveyed, and characteristics of nonverbal communication as a symbol system. Four functions of nonverbal communication \u2013 communicating emotion, communicating liking, communicating power and status, and regulating conversation \u2013 are discussed. The chapter identifies&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":88,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-250","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nonverbal communication encompasses how people create and exchange meaning through nonverbal behavior. This chapter reviews the channels through which nonverbal messages are conveyed, and characteristics of nonverbal communication as a symbol system. 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