{"id":248,"date":"2026-01-09T08:33:14","date_gmt":"2026-01-09T08:33:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/?post_type=content&#038;p=248"},"modified":"2026-08-21T08:51:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T08:51:59","slug":"chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/chapter-3\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>Chapter 3:<\/span> Perception and Listening in Interpersonal Communication"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-53f22458d6909ddfdcdf4719b47644e8 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#ce6857;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/\">Chapter Resources<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\"><span>Chapter 3:<\/span> Perception and Listening in Interpersonal Communication<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><h2 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\"><span>Chapter 3:<\/span> Perception and Listening in Interpersonal Communication<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perception and listening encompass the processes by which people attend to, organize, interpret, remember, evaluate, and respond to information available interpersonal interactions. This chapter describes perception and listening, including the different ways that people engage in listening during interpersonal interactions, different listening styles, and features of active listening. In addition, the chapter examines attributions, or how people explain the causes of behavior, with an emphasis on attribution biases in close relationships. Barriers to perception and listening stemming from biases, stereotyping, and alcohol intoxication are also discussed. This chapter offers recommendations for overcoming subjective biases in perception and listening, protecting valued relationships through adaptive attributions, and combating the ba7rriers to perception and listening.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-how-do-you-rate-15\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Do You Rate?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a788f6d8 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#faf2d4;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"alignwide wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Try the interactive activity below, or download the form for an accessible and printable version.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons alignwide is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fse-isr-plus-2025-flat-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/HDYR-chapter3.zip\" style=\"background-color:#e4bca3;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download all <em>How Do You Rate?<\/em> assessment forms (zip 231KB)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-3-1-13\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 3.1:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-3-2-relational-messages-19\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 3.2: Relational Messages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-3-3-perspective-taking-in-interpersonal-communication-25\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 3.3: Perspective-Taking in Interpersonal Communication<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-communication-in-action-33\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Communication In Action<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fse-isr-plus-2025-flat-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-chapter3.zip\" style=\"background-color:#e4bca3;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download all <em>Communication in Action<\/em> forms (zip 111KB)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-03-1.docx\" title=\"CIA-03-1\">Download CIA Form 3.1: <em>Forming Impressions of Others<\/em> (docx 29KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-03-2.docx\" title=\"CIA-03-2\">Download CIA Form 3.2: <em>Identifying Listening Goals<\/em> (docx 36KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-03-3.docx\" title=\"CIA-03-3\">Download CIA Form 3.3: <em>Focusing on Behaviors Rather than Traits<\/em> (docx 28KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-03-4.docx\" title=\"CIA-03-4\">Download CIA Form 3.4: <em>Challenging Stereotypes in the Media<\/em> (docx 37KB)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-connect-with-theory-19\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Connect with Theory<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 3.1: Relational Framing Theory <\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Relational framing theory<\/strong> describes how people make sense of interpersonal messages about their relationships with others. Sometimes it is easy to decipher the meaning behind a relational message (e.g., when a romantic partner says, \u201cI love you\u201d). Sometimes relational messages are not so clear. For example, if a friend asks you, \u201cHey! Are you using your car this weekend?\u201d Do you consider this a friendly or unfriendly request to borrow your car? Do you feel coerced to lend your car or do you feel admired by a friend? According to relational framing theory, how you interpret your friend\u2019s message depends on your judgment about the relationship. The theory provides two main frames through which people process messages about a relationship (Dillard, Solomon, &amp; Samp, 1996). A <em>dominance-submissive<\/em> frame is about how much control or status one person has over the other. An <em>affiliation-disaffiliation<\/em> frame is about how much one person likes or dislikes the other. If you perceive that the interaction with your friend is about power, you might interpret such inquiry as a sign of dominance. If you perceive that the interaction is about liking, you may process a friend\u2019s message as communicating closeness, friendliness, and positive regard. Relational framing theory has been used to understand factors that shape perceptions of sexual harassment in the workplace. For example, Solomon (2006) reported that social-sexual messages that were seen as dominating or controlling were more likely to be perceived as harassing, whereas messages that were seen as affiliative were more likely to be perceived as flirtatious. In essence, this theory highlights how people use interpretive frames to make sense of relational messages.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dillard, J. P., Solomon, D. H., &amp; Samp, J. A. (1996). Framing social reality: The relevance of relational judgments. <em>Communication Research, 23<\/em>(6),703\u2013723. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F009365096023006004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009365096023006004<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frisby, B. N., Vallade, J. I., Huber, C. J., Tristan, A., &amp; Murphy, A. A. (2024). An analysis and comparison of the instructor-student relationship using relational framing theory. <em>Western Journal of Communication, 88<\/em>(1), 105\u2013124. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10570314.2023.2183364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10570314.2023.2183364<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hall, J. A. (2016). Interpreting social-sexual communication: Relational framing theory and social-sexual communication, attraction, and intent. <em>Human Communication Research, 42, <\/em>138\u2013164. <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1111\/hcre.12071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hcre.12071<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">McLaren, R. M., &amp; Solomon, D. H. (2021). Relational framing theory: Drawing inferences about relationships from interpersonal interactions. In D. O. Braithwaite &amp; P. Schrodt (Eds.),&nbsp; <em>Engaging theories in interpersonal communication<\/em> (pp. 76\u201388). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003195511-7&nbsp; Solomon, D. H. (2006). A relational framing perspective on perceptions of social-sexual communication at work. In R. M. Dailey &amp; B. A. LePoire (Eds.), <em>Applied interpersonal communication matters: Family, health, and community relations <\/em>(pp. 271\u2013298)<em>. <\/em>Peter Lang.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 3.2: Action Assembly Theory<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Action assembly theory <\/strong>explains how an individual\u2019s thought gets transformed into action. The theory aims to understand why and how people produce the verbal and nonverbal behaviors they exhibit when interacting with others, and it focuses specifically on how the thought process or mental system governs human action. In other words, the theory is concerned with what happens in our head when we formulate, produce, and rehearse verbal and nonverbal messages. According to the theory, we store an enormous number of thoughts and actions in our memory that we have acquired over the course of our lives. Things like how to ask someone for a date, how to apologize to a friend after an argument, and how to politely turn down someone\u2019s request are all kept in our memory system. When a situation presents itself, such as meeting someone for the first time, thoughts and actions that are relevant to this particular event will be activated, prompting us to assemble all the pieces together regarding how to properly interact with a stranger. Once you\u2019ve organized your thoughts and planned actions into a coherent manner, you know what to do and what to say in this scenario. For example, you may offer a handshake, put on a smile, engage in good eye contact, and\/or state your name. The theory can be used to investigate any behavioral phenomenon, such as the experience of social anxiety, behavioral differences between lying and truth-telling, and behavioral (in)consistency from one situation to another (Greene, 1995). Because the theory focuses on the underlying cognitive process of message production, it offers insight into how to enhance the quality of communicative exchanges.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greene, J. O. (1995). An action-assembly perspective on verbal and nonverbal message production: A dancer\u2019s message unveiled. In D. E. Hewes (Ed.), <em>The cognitive bases of interpersonal communication<\/em> (pp. 51\u201385). Erlbaum.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greene, J. O. (1997). A second generation action assembly theory. In J. O. Greene (Ed.), <em>Message production: Advances in communication theory<\/em> (pp. 151\u2013170). Erlbaum.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greene, J. O. (2006). Have I got something to tell you: Ideational dynamics and message production. <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 25<\/em>(1), 64\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927X05284481&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greene, J. O. (2014). Just looking around. <em>Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33<\/em>(4), 398\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0261927X14536051&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greene, J. O. (2015). Action assembly theory: Forces of creation. In D. O. Braithwaite &amp; P. Schrodt (Eds.), <em>Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives<\/em> (2nd ed., pp. 25\u201336). SAGE.&nbsp; Greene, J. O., Kirch, M. W., &amp; Grady, C. S. (2000). Cognitive foundations of message encoding: An investigation of message production as coalition formation. <em>Communication Quarterly, 48<\/em>(3), 256\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01463370009385596<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 3.3: Alcohol Myopia Theory <\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Alcohol myopia theory <\/strong>explains the effects of alcohol consumption on social perception and behavior. The theory argues that alcohol causes people to limit their attention to salient and immediate cues in the environment, to take longer to process information, and to have trouble connecting immediate experience with past events. The theory claims that alcohol affects social behavior because it reduces people\u2019s cognitive capacity to balance competing interests. According to the theory, social behaviors are guided by two cues: those that promote a response (provoking cues) and those that constrain a response (inhibiting cues). When those two cues are in opposition to each other, <em>inhibition conflict<\/em> occurs. For example, developing romantic feelings for a friend may motivate someone to disclose that information (provoking cues), but he\/she may also recognize that doing so can make things awkward or even jeopardize the relationship (inhibiting cues). When sober, he\/she is skilled at balancing those two competing interests and is able to act appropriately. When being alcohol intoxicated, however, the theory argues that he\/she is more likely to act upon provoking cues rather than inhibiting cues, leading to behaviors that are often inappropriate and extreme. The theory has been used to understand the effects of alcohol consumption on risky sexual behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex; George et al., 2024), intimate partner violence (Parrott et al., 2025), memory (Compo et al., 2011), and perceptions of social self-esteem (Monahan &amp; Lannutti, 2000), to name a few. The theory provides a framework for understanding how and why drinking alcohol leads to risky and excessive behaviors.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compo, N. S., Evans, J. R., Carol, R. N., Kemp, D., Villalba, D., Ham, L. S., &amp; Rose, S. (2011). Alcohol intoxication and memory for events: A snapshot of alcohol myopia in a real-world drinking scenario. <em>Memory, 19<\/em>(2), 202\u2013210. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658211.2010.546802\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09658211.2010.546802<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evans, J. R., Mindthoff, A., LaBat, D. E., Sparacino, M., Schreiber Compo, N., Polanco, K., &amp; Hagsand, A. V. (2025). The impact of alcohol intoxication and short-sighted decision making in the interrogation room. <em>Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 14<\/em>(1), 62\u201373. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mac0000173\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mac0000173<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">George, W. H., Blayney, J. A., &amp; Davis, K. C. (2024). Impact of Acute Alcohol Consumption on Sexuality: A Look at Psychological Mechanisms. <em>Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 20<\/em>(1), 307\u2013331. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-080921-075423\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-080921-075423<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Monahan, J. L., &amp; Lannutti, P. L. (2000). Alcohol as social lubricant: Alcohol myopia theory, social self-esteem, and social interaction. <em>Human Communication Research, 26<\/em>(2), 175\u2013202. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00755.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468\u20132958.2000.tb00755.x<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parrott, D., Leone, R. M., Hequembourg, A., Shorey, R. C., Eckhardt, C., &amp; Stuart, G. L. (2025). An integrative model of alcohol-facilitated intimate partner aggression perpetration in sexual and gender diverse couples. <em>Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 86<\/em>(2), 218\u2013228. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsad.24-00008\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsad.24-00008<\/a>&nbsp; Steele, C. M., &amp; Josephs, R. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects. <em>American Psychologist, 45<\/em>(8), 921\u2013933. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.apa.org\/doi\/10.1037\/0003-066X.45.8.921\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003\u2013066X.45.8.921<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"74\" height=\"74\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon-FLASH.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-409\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-flashcards-21\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Active Listening<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Engaging in the exchange of ideas and taking better steps to understand your partner.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Active-empathic Listening<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Listening to comfort and help others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Actor-Observer Effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Explaining one\u2019s own behavior in terms of external, rather than internal, causes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Adaptive Attributions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Explanations that link positive behaviors to internal and stable causes and negative behaviors to external and unstable causes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Appreciative Listening<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Listening to derive pleasure and enjoyment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Attending<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of noticing specific cues provided by an interaction partner.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Attribution Biases<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Distortions in the conclusions we reach about the causes of events.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Attributions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Explanations for why something happened.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Comprehensive Listening<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Listening to receive and remember new information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Discriminatory Listening<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Listening to distinguish between different words, sounds, and meanings. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Evaluating <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of critically analyzing information to determine how truthful, authentic, or believable you judge it to be.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Evaluative listening<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Listening to judge the accuracy, honesty, and completeness of a message.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>External Attribution<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Concluding that a person\u2019s behaviors are caused by the situation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Fundamental Attribution Error<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Explaining the behaviors of others in terms of internal, rather than external, causes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Inhibition Conflict<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The simultaneous presence of vivid cues that provoke a response and subtle cues that inhibit that response.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Internal Attribution<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Concluding that behaviors are caused by characteristics of the actor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Interpreting<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of assigning meaning to information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Listening<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of receiving, constructing meaning from and responding to spoken and\/or nonverbal messages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Listening Style<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The way a person tends to listen in any situation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Maladaptive Attributions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Linking negative behaviors to internal and stable causes and positive behaviors to external and unstable causes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Organizing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of arranging information into a coherent pattern.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Perception<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Filtering and interpreting information to create meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Relational Framing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Using either affiliation or dominance as a framework to interpret messages about a relationship.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Remembering<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Recalling and retaining the information that has been shared with you.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Responding<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Forming a reply to a message.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Stereotypes<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Over-simplified beliefs about members of a social group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Stereotyping<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Assuming that individuals have certain qualities based on their membership in a social group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    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