{"id":191,"date":"2026-01-08T09:01:48","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T09:01:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/?post_type=content&#038;p=191"},"modified":"2026-08-21T09:26:26","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T09:26:26","slug":"chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/chapter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>Chapter 2:<\/span> The Person in Interpersonal Communication: Culture and Identity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e6099dd74f6a6494db806c410c6c909b has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#ce6857;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/\">Chapter Resources<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\"><span>Chapter 2:<\/span> The Person in Interpersonal Communication: Culture and Identity<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><h2 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\" class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\"><span>Chapter 2:<\/span> The Person in Interpersonal Communication: Culture and Identity<\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People\u2019s background and upbringing, personal traits, and cultural connections play a role in interpersonal communication. Culture encompasses values, beliefs, and customs shared by a group of people, and identity is the personal image people have of themselves. People share a culture based on the cultural institutions they belong to, the life experiences that they have in common, or the opportunities they have to communicate with each other. Characteristics of a culture are also shaped by and reflected in communication Like culture, a peron\u2019s identity is a complex part of interpersonal communication. Identity is subjective, it can be more or less hidden, and it is dynamic. Like culture, identity has multiple layers, and it is created, affirmed, and changed through communication. Communicating across different cultures and identities introduces challenges and creates valuable opportunities. This chapter provides suggestions for appreciating the complexity of culture, cultivating valued identities, and affirming diverse cultures and identities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_HDYR-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-how-do-you-rate-15\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Do You Rate?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a788f6d8 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#faf2d4;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"alignwide wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Try the interactive activity below, or download the form for an accessible and printable version.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons alignwide is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fse-isr-plus-2025-flat-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/HDYR-chapter2.zip\" style=\"background-color:#e4bca3;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download all <em>How Do You Rate?<\/em> assessment forms (zip 103KB)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-2-1-identity-gaps-13\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 2.1: Identity Gaps<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-2-2-intercultural-communication-apprehension-19\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 2.2: Intercultural Communication Apprehension<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-hdyr-scale-2-3-emerging-adulthood-25\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">HDYR Scale 2.3: Emerging Adulthood<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-431b1423 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e19a3441029f99487ac4a1576adf61cc has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2a973b5d wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\">Questionnaire<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#d5e3fa;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The content for this section has not been posted yet and is coming soon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CIA-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-communication-in-action-33\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Communication In Action<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fse-isr-plus-2025-flat-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-chapter2.zip\" style=\"background-color:#e4bca3;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download all <em>Communication in Action<\/em> forms (zip 133KB)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-02-2.docx\" title=\"CIA-02-2\">Download CIA Form 2.2: <em>Discovering Cultural Messages<\/em> (docx 27KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-02-3.docx\" title=\"CIA-02-3\">Download CIA Form 2.3: <em>Exploring Windows on Yourself<\/em> (docx 27KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-02-4.docx\" title=\"CIA-02-4\">Download CIA Form 2.4: <em>Marketing Yourself<\/em> (docx 28KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-02-5.docx\" title=\"CIA-02-5\">Download CIA Form 2.5: <em>Finding Your Ideal Self<\/em> (docx 27KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-02-6.docx\" title=\"CIA-02-6\">Download CIA Form 2.6: <em>Exploring Marginalized and Dominant Identities<\/em> (docx 26KB)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/CIA-02-7.docx\" title=\"CIA-02-7\">Download CIA Form 2.7: <em>Creating Space for Parental Identities<\/em> (docx 27KB)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon_CWT-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-connect-with-theory-19\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Connect with Theory<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 2.1: Communication Theory of Identity<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hecht (1993) introduced <strong>communication theory of identity<\/strong> to clarify how identities are formed and enacted through communication. The theory suggests that individuals possess four distinct yet interdependent layers of identity. The <em>personal layer<\/em> of identity is about how people perceive themselves or the personal characteristics they have. In an event where people ask you to describe yourself, you may think that your personal layer consists of a hard-working college student, a caring friend, a natural leader, or a loving sibling. The <em>enactment layer<\/em> of identity refers to the qualities people project through verbal and nonverbal styles of communication. For example, different regions of the United States have distinct dialects and accents, and people often enact their cultural identity by embracing their unique accent, dialect, or vocabulary (e.g., saying \u201cY\u2019all\u201d in the South). The <em>relational layer<\/em> of identity is developed through personal relationships with other people. Our identity is defined by the type of relationship we have (e.g., parent, romantic partner, boss) and is shaped by how others see us (i.e., they can help or hurt our identity that we wish to present). The <em>communal layer <\/em>of identity emerges out of groups or networks we belong to (e.g., cultural groups, ethnic groups, religious groups, professional organizations). People learn about their identity through group memberships. For example, for many people from the United States, individualism is at the core of their identity, and thus, people are likely to ascribe to qualities that define this particular cultural group, such as independence, self-reliance, and outspokenness. One application of the theory has been used to understand how refugees make sense of, enact, and renegotiate their identity during adjustment to a new host country (Bergquist et al., 2019). Kam and Hecht (2009) examined the role of identity in grandparent-grandchild relationship and found that when young-adult grandchildren perceive that they are sociable and talkative (personal layer) but are quiet in front of their grandparents (enacted frame), they are more likely to engage in topic avoidance and be less satisfied with their communication and relationship with grandparents. The theory provides a framework for understanding social behavior as a function of identity through communication.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amado, S., Snyder, H. R., &amp; Gutchess, A. (2020). Mind the gap: The relation between identity gaps and depression symptoms in cultural adaptation. <em>Frontiers in Psychology, 11<\/em>, 1156. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01156\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01156<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bergquist, G., Soliz, J., Everhart, K., Braithwaite, D. O., &amp; Kreimer, L. (2019). Investigating layers of identity and identity gaps in refugee resettlement experiences in the Midwestern United States. <em>Western Journal of Communication, 83<\/em>(3), 383\u2013402. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10570314.2018.1552009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10570314.2018.1552009<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hecht, M. L. (1993). 2002 \u2013 A research odyssey: Toward the development of a communication theory of identity. <em>Communication Monographs, 60<\/em>(1), 76\u201381. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03637759309376297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03637759309376297<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hecht, M. L., &amp; Choi, H. J. (2012). The communication theory of identity as a framework for health message design. In H. Cho (Ed.), <em>Health communication message design: Theory, research, and practice<\/em> (pp. 137\u2013152). SAGE.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kam, J. A., &amp; Hecht, M. L. (2009). Investigating the role of identity gaps among communicative and relational outcomes within the grandparent-grandchild relationship: The young-adult grandchildren\u2019s perspective. <em>Western Journal of Communication, 73<\/em>(4), 456\u2013480. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10570310903279067\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10570310903279067<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Murray, C. L., &amp; Kennedy-Lightsey, C. D. (2013). Should I stay or go?: Student identity gaps, feelings, and intent to leave. <em>Communication Research Reports, 30<\/em>(2), 96\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08824096.2012.762894<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 2.2: Communication Accommodation Theory<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Communication accommodation theory <\/strong>was developed to explain how and why people adapt their speech and language patterns when interacting with others. The theory proposes that people change their communication patterns as a means to increase or decrease the connection to a conversational partner. In other words, people adjust their dialects and words either in an effort to match with (i.e., convergence) or deviate from others (i.e., divergence). There are many linguistic strategies that people use when communicating with others. For example, you may notice that when interacting with someone from Great Britain, you switch your American accent to a British accent and modify the words you use (e.g., referring to the restroom as the \u201cloo\u201d). When talking to your five-year-old niece, you may use shorter sentences, speak more slowly, and discuss topics that are interesting and appropriate to this age group. When people match the communication behaviors of a conversational partner, it signals liking, closeness, and solidarity. In contrast, people diverge their speech and language patterns as a way to show power, distinction, or cultural pride. For example, in a study that examined stepparent-stepchild interactions, Speer et al. (2013) found that stepchildren\u2019s perceptions of stepparent accommodative behaviors during their typical interactions fostered shared family identity, increased relational closeness, and improved satisfaction with blended family life. The theory provides insight into how communication partners influence each other in the course of interaction.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barlow, M., Watson, B., Jones, E., Morse, C., &amp; Maccallum, F. (2024). The application of communication accommodation theory to understand receiver reactions in healthcare speaking up interactions. <em>Journal of interprofessional care, 38<\/em>(1), 42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13561820.2023.2249939&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dragojevic, M., Gasiorek, J., &amp; Giles, H. (2015). Communication accommodation theory. In C. R. Berger &amp; M. E. Roloff (Eds.), <em>International encyclopedia of interpersonal communication. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118540190.wbeic006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118540190.wbeic006<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giles, H., &amp; Soliz, J. (2014). Communication accommodation theory: A situated framework for relational, family, and intergroup dynamics. In D. O. Braithwaite &amp; P. Schrodt (Eds.), <em>Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives <\/em>(2nd Ed., pp. 161\u2013175). SAGE.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giles, H., Bernhold, Q., &amp; McCarty, D. (2024). Prejudicial nonaccommodative moves: the cycles of intergroup communication experience. In <em>Research Handbook on Communication and Prejudice<\/em> (pp. 76\u201390). Edward Elgar Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781802209662.00012&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giles, H., Maguire, E. R., &amp; Hill, S. L. (2024). Policing at the crossroads: An intergroup communication accommodation perspective. <em>Group Processes &amp; Intergroup Relations, 27<\/em>(5), 1107\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13684302241245639&nbsp;&nbsp; Speer, R. B., Giles, H., &amp; Denes, A. (2013). Investigating stepparent-stepchild interactions: The role of communication accommodation. <em>Journal of Family Communication, 13<\/em>(3),218-241. <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1080\/15267431.2013.768248\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15267431.2013.768248<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Connect with Theory 2.3: Anxiety\/Uncertainty Management Theory<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Anxiety\/uncertainty management theory <\/strong>emphasizes that people are not always motivated to reduce uncertainty and that uncertainty isn\u2019t inherently bad. In the face of illness or cancer, for example, having some uncertainty about one\u2019s health condition can keep hope alive. For some people, uncertainty is preferable to the potential knowledge because maintaining some level of uncertainty means continued hope. The theory highlights that instead of focusing on reducing uncertainty, people use various communicative and psychological strategies to manage it. People may seek information to feel more secure about something or rely on the social support of others to regain hope in times of high uncertainty. People may also choose to manage their uncertainty by balancing their needs for certainty. For example, Brashers and colleagues (1999) found that people living with HIV learn to adapt to their chronic uncertainty by focusing on short-term plans and goals rather than being consumed by longer-range and more uncertainty-producing goals. Brashers (2001) argued that the emotional responses to uncertainty that people experience depend on their appraisal of ambiguous situations. If people perceive uncertainty as dangerous and leading to harm, they are likely to experience negative emotions. If people think uncertainty is a preferred state (i.e., when not knowing is better than knowing), positive emotions are likely to occur. When it doesn\u2019t really matter if people know or not know about an issue, it may lead to neural emotional responses. Indeed, the central premise of anxiety\/uncertainty management theory is that uncertainty is neither inherently good nor bad; rather, people manage uncertainty resulting from situations that are unfamiliar, complex, or unpredictable.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">References and other suggested readings:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Afifi, W. A., &amp; Matsunaga, M. (2008). Uncertainty management theories: Three approaches to a multifarious process. In L. A Baxter &amp; D. O. Braithwaite (Eds.), <em>Engaging theories of interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives <\/em>(pp. 161\u2013173). SAGE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781483329529.n9&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brashers, D. E. (2001). Communication and uncertainty management. <em>Journal of Communication, 51<\/em>(3), 477\u2013497. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02892.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02892.x<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Cardillo, L. W., Dobbs, L. K., Russell, J. A., &amp; Haas, S. M. (1999). \u201cIn an important way, I did die.\u201d Uncertainty and revival among persons living with HIV or AIDS. <em>AIDS Care, 11<\/em>(2), 201\u2013219. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540129948090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540129948090<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hsu, Y. S., Chen, Y. P., Chiang, F. F., &amp; Shaffer, M. A. (2024). Bridging the expatriate and host country national knowledge transfer gap: Managing interaction anxiety and uncertainty. <em>Journal of Knowledge Management, 28<\/em>(7), 1867\u20131888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jkm-02-2023-0128&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Knobloch, L. K., &amp; McAninch, K. G. (2014). Uncertainty management. In C. R. Berger (Ed.), <em>Handbooks of communication science Volume 6: Interpersonal communication <\/em>(pp. 297\u2013319). Walter de Gruyter. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110276794.297&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Presbitero, A., &amp; Attar, H. (2018). Intercultural communication effectiveness, cultural intelligence and knowledge sharing: Extending anxiety-uncertainty management theory. <em>International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 67<\/em>, 35\u201343. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2018.08.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2018.08.004<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prince, A. G. (2021). Managing anxiety and uncertainty: Applying anxiety\/uncertainty management theory to university health professionals and students&#8217; communication. <em>Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 14<\/em>(4), 293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17538068.2021.1913946<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized has-custom-border\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"74\" height=\"74\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/46\/icon-FLASH.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-409\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:4px;border-top-right-radius:4px;border-bottom-left-radius:4px;border-bottom-right-radius:4px;width:40px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-flashcards-21\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Boundary Markers<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Messages that signal that an action is inappropriate or off-limits within a cultural group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Communal Layer of Identity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Characteristics of the self that are related to a person\u2019s group memberships.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cultural Institutions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The broadest level of culture; defined by members&#8217; nationality, religion, or ethnic heritage<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Culture<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The values, beliefs, and customs that we share with a group of people.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Emerging Adulthood<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The period spanning ages 18-25, when people in our society are less constrained by their families and not yet burdened by adult responsibilities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Enactment Layer of Identity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The characteristics of the self that are revealed through a person\u2019s verbal and nonverbal style of communication.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ethnocentrism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The tendency to see one\u2019s own cultural beliefs as more correct, appropriate, and moral than other cultures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Identity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The image of a person that is embodied in communication.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Identity gap<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A mismatch in the qualities associated with two or more layers of identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intercultural Communication<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An interaction guided by participants&#8217; memberships in different social groups, rather than their unique qualities as individuals<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Interpenetration<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A characterization of the layers of identity that captures how they are interconnected or permeate each other.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Marginalization<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When less dominant groups of people in a society are treated as inferior or unimportant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Myths<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Sacred stories in which the characters and their actions embody core cultural themes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Norms<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Expectations for behavior that are shared within a cultural group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Personal Layer of Identity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The perceptions people have about themselves that they communicate to others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Relational Layer of Identity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Characteristics of the self that are related to relationships with other people.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Rituals<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Carefully scripted performances that mark culturally significant events.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Self-concept<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The sum total knowledge you have about yourself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Self-disclosure<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Explicitly sharing personal information with another person.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Self-esteem<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An overall judgement of one\u2019s self-worth or value.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sexual Identity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>How a person perceives and expresses sexual needs, values, and preferences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Socialization<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process by which newcomers to a cultural group come to understand its assumptions and guidelines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Speech Community<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A group of people who use and interpret symbols in the same way.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Standpoint<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The position from which people see the world based on their social or economic status.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subcultures<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Speech communities that share some unique practices within a broader cultural group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Working Self-Concept<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The information that dominates a person\u2019s sense of self at a particular moment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n     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href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-communication-in-action-33\">Communication In Action<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-connect-with-theory-19\">Connect with Theory<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/interpersonalcomm\/chapter-resources\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-flashcards-21\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>People\u2019s background and upbringing, personal traits, and cultural connections play a role in interpersonal communication. Culture encompasses values, beliefs, and customs shared by a group of people, and identity is the personal image people have of themselves. People share a culture based on the cultural institutions they belong to, the life experiences that they have&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":88,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-191","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"People\u2019s background and upbringing, personal traits, and cultural connections play a role in interpersonal communication. Culture encompasses values, beliefs, and customs shared by a group of people, and identity is the personal image people have of themselves. 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