{"id":732,"date":"2025-10-21T07:43:36","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:43:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/?post_type=content&p=732"},"modified":"2025-10-21T10:07:03","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T10:07:03","slug":"2000-present","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/timeline\/2000-present\/","title":{"rendered":"2000 \u2013 Present: The Digital Revolution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
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\n\tHome\n<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

2000 \u2013 Present: The Digital Revolution<\/h1>\n\n\n

Connection, Innovation, and Global Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 21st century has been defined by unprecedented global connectivity, rapid technological advancement, and collective challenges requiring international cooperation. Digital technology has transformed every aspect of human experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Current Developments:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Social media reshapes communication and society<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Smartphones put computing power in every pocket<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Climate change demands global environmental action<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Artificial intelligence begins transforming industries<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Global pandemics test international cooperation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    As we navigate this digital age, humanity faces both extraordinary opportunities and complex challenges that will define our shared future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n

    There are 145 entries in this timeline<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Visit of ROK President Kim Dae-Jung to the DPRK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2000 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    British intervention in Sierra Leone to defeat rebels backed by Charles Taylor of Liberia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 2000 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Failure of the Camp David summit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2000 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The outbreak of the second intifada<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2000 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The visit of Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount\/Haram ash-Sharif triggered widespread violence, reflecting pent-up anger within Palestine at the delays in the peace process. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of Laskar Jihad in Jakarta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2000 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda attack on the USS Cole off the coast of Yemen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2000 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of the Al-Aqsa intifada<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2000 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    George W. Bush elected president of the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2000<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Treaty of Nice signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2000<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Serbia hands over former president Slobodan Milo\u0161evic to face trial before the war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2000 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of Koizumi government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2001 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the 2000s, Japan has attempted to become more of a ‘normal state’ with defence structures and a foreign policy to match its economic structure. This shift has been accompanied by tensions with other Asian countries which suffered under Japanese occupation in the Second World War. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Koizumi visits the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 2001 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC joins the WTO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2001 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In contrast to policies towards the Soviet Union, the US has attempted to integrate China into the international community, seen through membership in the WTO. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Argentina’s economic crisis prompts massive demonstrations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2001<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2001 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    NEPAD sought to shake old perceptions of African corruption, in order to bring western trade and investment into the region. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2001 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The attacks of September 11, 2001 triggered the US war on terror. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Greece adopts the Euro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2001<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2001 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The attacks of September 11, 2001 triggered the US war on terror. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of US campaign in Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2001 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The first US response to the terrorist attacks of September 11 was the invasion of Afghanistan in order to capture Al-Qaeda forces encamped there. The initial military campain destroys conventional military opposition quickly, but the establishment of democracy in the war-torn region proves difficult and the region soon descends into scattered fighting. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fall of Kabul to US forces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2001 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2001<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hamid Karzai chosen to be leader of new Afghanistan government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2001 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    President Bush declares the DPRK to be part of the ‘axis of evil’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Inclusion in the ‘axis of evil’ led the DPRK to rapidly seek atomic weaponry as a deterrent against US intervention. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chavez survives a brief coup attempt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    International agreement paves the way for the withdrawal of foreign forces from the Congo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2002 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The African Union replaces the OAU at a summit in Durban<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2002 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ‘The Quartet’ proposes a ‘road-map’ for peace between Israel and Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2002 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jemaah Islamiya terrorist attack in Bali<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2002 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Euro enters into circulation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of the International Criminal Court<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The creation of the ICC has allowed broader enforcement of human rights obligations, while also raising criticism that norms can only be enforced against weaker states. Actions have sometimes been labelled a form of neo-imperialism in Africa. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of Guantanamo detention camp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The use of the US base at Guantanamo, Cuba as a detention camp for terrorist suspects gradually undermines world support for US actions, as revelations of torture of prisoners emerges. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    President Bush accuses Iran, Iraq and the DPRK of constituting an ‘axis of evil’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The ‘axis of evil’ statement linking widely diverse states of Iran, Iraq, and the DPRK further brings US credibility into question. Subsequent US invasion of one of the members of the axis of evil spurs the other two to increase their nuclear programmes. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Congress votes to allow the president to use force against Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2002 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jemaah Islamiya terrorist attack in Bali<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In response to terrorist attack in Bali, regional leaders choose different strategies, avoiding connection with the US-led war on terror, while employing effective tactics. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN resolution 1441 authorizes further weapons inspections in Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2002 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK again withdraws from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ‘Lula’ becomes president of Brazil<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rise of Brazilian economy under Lula da Silva led to the prospect of greater Latin American autonomy from the US in the new century. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Beginning of insurrection in Darfur in Sudan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Charles Taylor ousted from power in Liberia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Coalition invasion of Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jemaah Islamiya terrorist attack on Marriott hotel in Jakarta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Coalition invasion of Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Renewed Taliban attacks in Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The US presents its case on Iraqi possession of WMD to the UNSC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Coalition begins the invasion of Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2003 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The invasion of Iraq, initiated without clear UN authorization, further erodes international support for US actions. Like the invasion of Afghanistan, initial conventional military operations rapidly succeed, while long-term state rebuilding is hampered by ongoing violence. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US forces seize Baghdad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bush makes his ‘mission accomplished’ speech<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2003<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Libya announces abandonment of nuclear programme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2003 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hu Jintao refers to China’s ‘peaceful rise’ in the international order<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Dominican Republic\u2013Central America\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 2004<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda-inspired bombings in Madrid<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of group that becomes al-Qaeda in Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia join the EU<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 2004 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The 2004 enlargement of the EU vastly increased the population and size of the union, with far braoder challenges. The new states possessed less wealth and democratic experience than previously admitted members, requiring time for integration. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sunni insurrection in Fallujah in Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Revelation of US human rights abuses against Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Power is returned from the Coalition to an independent Iraqi government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Presidential election held in Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2004<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    President Bush wins a second term in office<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2004 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gleneagles G-8 summit leads to debt relief agreement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Anti-Japanese riots in the PRC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Agreement signed on southern Sudan’s right to hold referendum on independence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gleneagles G-8 summit pledges increased aid and debt relief for Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Assassination of Lebanese prime minister Rafiq al-Hariri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Israeli unilateral withdrawal of forces from Gaza<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda-inspired bombings in London<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN World Summit agrees to adopt the Right to Protect (R2P) doctrine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iran opens a nuclear enrichment plant in Isfahan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iraqi parliamentary elections held<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2005 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK declares it has successfully detonated a nuclear device<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2006 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Joseph Kabila wins first democratic election in the Congo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2006 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon hospitalized by a stroke<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2006 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hamas wins legislative elections in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2006 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2006 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hostilities in the Gaza Strip led to Hizb’allah attacks from southern Lebanon in order to open a second front. The resulting Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon revealed limits in Israeli military strategy, as the destruction of Hizb’allah bases and supply lines in heavily populated areas angered neighbouring Arab states. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    AQI becomes the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2006<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2006<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNSC begins debate on sanctions against Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2006 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Manuel Ortega, former Sandinista leader, becomes president of Nicaragua<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2007<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Abbas\u2013Olmert meeting in Annapolis under the auspices of the Quartet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2007 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2007 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Romania and Bulgaria join the EU; Slovenia joins the Eurozone<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2007<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lisbon Treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2007<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Beginning of American ‘surge’ policy in Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2007 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The US ‘surge’ was part of a strategy to restore order in Iraq as the country spiralled into civil war. Unlike the massive influx of troops into Vietnam, following the surge, violence gradually subsided in Iraq. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Indonesian arrest of Abu Dujana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2007 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iranian\u2013IAEA agreement signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 2007 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US efforts to contain Iranian nuclear ambitions continue to receive assistance in the UN Security Council from France and Britain, while Russian and Chinese opposition have prevented further pressure being placed on Iran. The 2007 agreement set a timetable to resolving issues relating to nuclear weapons. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First G-20 summit convened in Washington DC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2008 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fidel Castro hands over power in Cuba to his brother Raul<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2008<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Colombian security forces enter Ecuador in search for FARC sanctuaries<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2008<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ICC issues arrest warrant for the sitting Sudanese president, Omar al-Bashir<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2008 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cyprus and Malta join the Eurozone<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2008<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Arrest of the former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic for war crimes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2008 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ICC issues arrest warrant for the sitting Sudanese president, Omar al-Bashir<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2008 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Collapse of Lehman Brothers bank<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2008 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2008<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Election of Barack Obama as US president<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2008 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Election of Barack Obama in 2008 heralded a shift in US policy away from unilateralism to multilateral co-ordination of foreign policy with other actors. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First BRIC summit at Yekaterinburg in Russia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2009 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2009 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Slovakia joins the Eurozone<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2009 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Obama announces a phased withdrawal of US forces from Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2009 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Obama awarded the Nobel peace prize<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2009 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of Tunisian anti-government protests<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2010 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The ‘Arab Spring’ started with spontaneous demonstrations in Tunis, soon growing into a regional movement bringing down the government of Egypt and Libya, with revolution rocking Syria. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Agreement on rescue packages for Greece and Ireland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Eurozone crisis exposed the challenges of rapid integration, with an economic downturn, banking crisis and burgeoning national debt undermining the economies of Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Cyprus. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    China overtakes Japan to become the world’s second largest economy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Kim Jong-Il who is succeeded by his son Kim Jong-Un<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South Sudan votes for independence in referendum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fall of President Mubarak of Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of protests in Benghazi against Gaddafi regime<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of anti-Asad protests in Syria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US termination with extreme prejudice of Osama Bin Laden<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayman Zawaheri takes over as leader of al-Qaeda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 2011<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of Free Syrian Army<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Estonia joins the Eurozone<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2011<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    R2P invoked at the UNSC to support the idea of a ‘no-fly’ zone over Libya<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2011 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Humanitarian obligations were employed in gaining a Security Council Resolution creating a ‘no-fly’ zone, but were rapidly exploited to justify NATO military intervention in domestic affairs. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNSC approves NATO ‘no-fly’ zone over Libya<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Osama Bin Laden<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Obama announces a phased withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2011 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The US withdrawal from both Iraq and Afghanistan have been central parts of Obama’s shifting focus away from large-scale military operations to more targetted strikes against terrorist groups. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Colonel Gaddafi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2011<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Last US troops leave Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2011 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sino-Japanese dispute erupts over the Senkaku-Daioyu Islands<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2012 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of second Abe Cabinet in Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2012 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC and the Philippines clash over control of Scarborough Shoal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2012 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The rise of China has been accompanied by increasing clashes between nationalist China and its neighbors. Chinese interest has focussed on a number of rocks, shoals and islands in East Asian waters, partly over the value of off-shore oil. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC and Japan clash over control of the Diaoyu\/Senkaku Islands<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2012 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda calls for overthrowing of Asad regime<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 2012 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Muslim Brotherhood wins the presidential elections in Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2012 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    European Stability Mechanism established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 2012<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Former Liberian president, Charles Taylor, found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to 50 years imprisonment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2012 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2012<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Obama wins a second term as US president<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2012 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Prime Minister Abe visits the Yasukuni Shrine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2013 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK announces that it no longer recognizes the 1953 armistice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2013 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hugo Chavez dies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 2013 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Nelson Mandela<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 2013 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ISI becomes ISIS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 2013<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Egyptian army deposes President Morsi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 2013 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Croatia joins the EU<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2013<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Two-week shutdown of American government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 2013 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Interim agreement on Iranian nuclear programme in Geneva<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 2013 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ISIS leader al-Baghdadi proclaims the re-establishment of the Caliphate and himself as Caliph Ibrahim. ISIS becomes IS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 2014<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Latvia joins the Eurozone<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 2014<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pro-Russian Viktor Yanukovych is removed as President of Ukraine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2014 February<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Russian invasion of Crimea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2014 March<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant declares Caliphate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2014 June<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Brexit referendum in Britain passes, opening negotiations for withdrawal from European Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2016 June<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Donald Trump is elected US President<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2016 November<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chinese constitutional change removes term limits, allowing Xi Jinping a path to remain in office<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2018 March<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US-North Korean summit between Trump and Kim Jong-Un<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2018 June<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First human cases of Covid-19 reported <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2019 December<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Covid-19 pandemic sweeps world <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2023 February-March<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Return of Taliban rule in Afghanistan <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2021 August<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Russian invasion of Ukraine <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    2022 February<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The 21st century has been defined by unprecedented global connectivity, rapid technological advancement, and collective challenges requiring international cooperation. Digital technology has transformed every aspect of human experience.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":540,"menu_order":0,"template":"wp-custom-template-single-chapter-page","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-732","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/732","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/732\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":791,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/732\/revisions\/791"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/540"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=732"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=732"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}