{"id":723,"date":"2025-10-21T07:40:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:40:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/internationalhistory20c\/?post_type=content&#038;p=723"},"modified":"2026-08-26T13:46:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T13:46:01","slug":"1900-1949","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/timeline\/1900-1949\/","title":{"rendered":"1900 \u2013 1949: The Turbulent Century"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#dae9e0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><nav style=\"--separator: &quot;\/&quot;\" class=\"wp-block-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/\">Students<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/timeline\/\">Timeline<\/a><\/li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">1900 \u2013 1949: The Turbulent Century<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><h1 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">1900 \u2013 1949: The Turbulent Century<\/h1>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>War, Innovation, and Resilience<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first half of the 20th century tested humanity&#8217;s limits through two world wars while simultaneously producing extraordinary technological and social advances. This era redefined global politics and human capability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Transformative Events:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Two World Wars reshape international order<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flight achieved and space exploration begins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Radio and cinema create mass culture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Women gain voting rights in many nations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nuclear age begins with profound implications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite unprecedented destruction, this period demonstrated remarkable human resilience and innovation, laying groundwork for the modern technological age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">There are 501 entries in this timeline<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide timeline-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1900<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German Naval Law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1900<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1901<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of the Commonwealth of Australia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1901 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Australia received dominion status, as a self-governing colony.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1901<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Jewish National Fund<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1901 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization collected funds to be used in buying Palestinian farmland for Jewish settlement, providing early evidence of Israeli institution-building.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-4 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1901<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution introduced<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1901<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cuba adopted the US Platt Amendment into its constitution, legitimizing US control of Cuban foreign and commercial policy.  The Amendment effectively made Cuba an American protectorate.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-5 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1902<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anglo-Japanese alliance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1902<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The alliance ended British isolation, improving the British position in the Far East and allowing concentration of naval forces in Europe.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1902<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Venezuela crisis begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1902<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-7 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1902<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Signing of the Anglo-Japanese alliance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1902 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alliance ends Britain&#8217;s &#8216;Splendid Isolation&#8217; allowing focus of naval power in home waters, as well as signalling Japan&#8217;s regional status.  The Anglo-Japanese allliance kept Japanese policy aligned with Britain until the Washington Conference in 1921.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1903<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Completion of the Dutch conquest of Aceh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1903 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-9 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Russo-Japanese War begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japanese surprise attack on Russia was followed by humiliating defeat of a European power by an Asian state.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anglo-French colonial agreement (Entente Cordiale)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Anglo-French Entente resolved outstanding colonial disputes, and paved the way for improved relations.  The agreement contained no specific defence provisions, but signalled alignment on diplomatic issues and led to increasing co-ordination in European diplomacy.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-11 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Russo-Japanese War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1904 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japanese surprise attack on Russian fleet in Port Arthur signals start of successful war for Japanese.  Japan decisively defeated the Russian fleet at Tsushima in 1905, gaining a protectorate over Korea and Manchuria.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The corollary claimed an American right to intervene in Latin American affairs to forestall European interference.  The corollary was established as a result of the Venezuelan Crisis of 1902\u20133, in which European naval forces employed a blockade to force Venezuela to arbitrate debt claims.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-13 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Morel starts Congo Reform Association<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1904 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Revolutionary unrest in Russia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the heels of defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the revolution removed Russia from Great Power politics for several years, allowing the Triple Alliance greater scope of action.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Moroccan crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Germany attempted to break the new Anglo-French Entente while Russia was preoccupied with revolution, using French expansion in Morocco as a pretext.  The attempt failed, as Britain stood by France and an international conference called to resolve the issue left Germany isolated.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-16 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese navy defeats Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1905<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Portsmouth<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1905 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-18 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">New wave of pogroms in Russia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1905 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1905<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops land in Honduras (for the first of five times in the next 20 years)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1905<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-20 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1906<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anglo-French military discussions begin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1906<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1906<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">HMS Dreadnought launched<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1906<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Dreadnought was the first all-big gun battleship, rendering existing battleships obsolescent.  By eliminating the British preponderence in older types of battleships, the Dreadnought enabled Germany to compete with British construction from a nearly even starting point.  As a result, the naval arms race accelerated as Germany and other states switched to building Dreadnought battleships.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-22 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1906<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops land and occupy Cuba (until 1909)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1906<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1906<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conclusion of the &#8216;Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies at Sea&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1906 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-24 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1907<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Second Hague Peace Conference begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1907<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1907<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anglo-Russian entente<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1907<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Britain and Russia reached an agreement on colonial differences in Asia, signalling closer relations in Europe, comparable to the Anglo-French Entente.  As a result, the Triple Entente increased German sense of encirclement.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-26 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1907<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of first Imperial Conference held in London<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1907 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1908<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German naval law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1908<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-28 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1908<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Bosnian crisis begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1908<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An Austro-Hungarian agreement with Russia contemplating the future division of Ottoman territory was exploited by Austria-Hungary to unilaterally seize Bosnia-Hercegovina, occupied by the Habsburgs since 1878.  The duplicity in Austro-Hungarian action angered the Russians, but in their weakened state after the revolution of 1905\u20136, Russia was unable to respond.  In future years, the Russian government had less room to maneuvre as public opinion was inflamed by loss of prestige in this crisis.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1908<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Young Turks revolt in Constantinople<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1908 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-30 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1908<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Palestine Office of the Zionist Organization opens in Jaffa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1908 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1909<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Morley-Minto reforms introduced in India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1909 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reforms increased Indian role in local government.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-32 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1910<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese annexation of Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1910 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1910<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of the Union of South Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1910 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-34 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1911<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italian conquest of Ottoman Libya<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1911<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-35 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1911<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Second Moroccan crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1911<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Second Moroccan, or Agadir, crisis followed further French expansion into Morocco.  Once again, Britain stood resolutely by France, mobilizing its navy, while Germany received meagre compensation in African territory.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-36 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1911<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Chinese Revolution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1911 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-37 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1911<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Beginning of Italian conquest of Libya<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1911 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-38 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Balkan War begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria attacked the Ottoman Empire, dividing most of the Ottoman European territory between themselves, while the Great Powers struggled to contain the conflict.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-39 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Fall of Qing dynasty and the establishment of a Chinese Republic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1912 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-40 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of French protectorate over Morocco<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1912 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-41 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of Sarekat Islam in the Dutch East Indies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1912 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sarekat Islam was a crafts cooperative that played a formative role in Indonesian political organization.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-42 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops land and occupy Nicaragua (until 1925)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1912<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-43 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1912<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">International conference on restricting trade in narcotics held in The Hague<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1912 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-44 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1913<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Second Balkan War begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1913<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bulgarian dissatisfaction at its share of the spoils from the First Balkan War led this state to overestimate its position and provoke the Second Balkan War, fighting against Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, the Ottoman Empire, and Romania.  Bulgarian defeat led it to side with the Central Powers in the First World War in hopes of compensation.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-45 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1913<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Arab Congress meets in Paris<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1913 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-46 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1913<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Arab Congress meets in Paris<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1913 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Meeting provided early discussion of Arab nationalism and greater autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-47 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1913<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Woodrow Wilson becomes US president<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1913<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilson sought to restore morality and principle to the conduct of US foreign affairs, shifting away from the realism of Roosevelt and from Taft&#8217;s &#8216;Dollar Diplomacy&#8217;.  Ultimately, the moralistic approach led to greater intervention in Latin American foreign affairs.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-48 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated at Sarajevo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The assassination of the heir to the Habsburg throne threatened a succession crisis in Austria-Hungary, and the killing by a Serbian nationalist led to heavy demands by Austria-Hungary against Serbia in July.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-49 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German &#8216;blank cheque&#8217; to Austria-Hungary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">German unconconditional support of Habsburg action against Serbia allowed Austria-Hungary to contemplate war, thereby instigating the July Crisis.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-50 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Serbia rejects Austro-Hungarian ultimatum<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Serbian rejection of an Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, which had been designed to be unacceptable, provided the Habsburgs with a pretext to invade Serbia.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-51 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Austro-Hungarian military action against Serbia triggered Russian reaction, as the Romanovs could not afford another foreign policy failure after the Bosnian Crisis.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-52 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Russia begins general mobilization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russian general mobilization started the timetable for the German Schlieffen Plan, which was designed to defeat France prior to completion of the slower Russian mobilization.  Germany had to either rapidly begin a war in the west against France or lose the opportunity to put its main military strategy into effect.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-53 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany declares war on Russia and France<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following French refusal to remain neutral in the event of a Russo-German war, Germany declared war on both countries, widening a Balkan conflict into a European-wide conflagration.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-54 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain declares war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The German Schlieffen Plan called for invasion of France through neutral Belgian territory.  The British Cabinet was undecided on entry into the war, ultimately entering the war after German violation of treaty obligations guaranteeing Belgian neutrality.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-55 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Battle of the Marne<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Schlieffen Plan was resoundingly defeated at the First Battle of the Marne, one of the most decisive battles of the First World War.  While German troops remained on French soil, the end of the German offensive meant the German strategy had failed, and a long war ensued.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-56 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Battle of Ypres<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1914<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-57 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">France and Britain declare war on the Ottoman Empire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following Turkish bombardment of Russian territory, allied declarations of war widened the scope of the conflict to the Middle East, and brought the prospect of supplying Russian forces through the Black Sea by capturing Constantinople.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-58 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan declares war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1914 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-59 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Fractious &#8216;Home Rule&#8217; debate in Britain leads to the mutiny on the Curragh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1914 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Northern Irish resistance to Home Rule leads to division within the British army and risk of outright civil war on the eve of the First World War.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-60 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of the First World War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1914 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-61 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">British declaration of a protectorate over Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1914 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Britain had administered Egypt as an Ottoman territory since 1882, declaring formal control upon Turkish entry in the war.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-62 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Ottoman entry into the First World War on the side of the Central Powers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1914 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-63 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Panama Canal opened<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1914<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-64 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops occupy Vera Cruz, Mexico (until November 1914)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An early failure of Wilson&#8217;s moralist approach to foreign relations occurred with the intervention in the ongoing Mexican civil war.  Following the arrest of American sailors at Vera Cruz, Wilson occupied the city, briefly uniting both Mexican factions in opposition to the US.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-65 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1914<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First World War begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1914<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-66 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German U-boats attack allied shipping<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initially used for coastal actions, German u-boat commerce raiding posed an existential threat to British commercial lifelines, while also raising the risk of American intervention in the war over the sinking of merchant ships, such as the Lusitania.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-67 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Second Battle of Ypres<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1915<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-68 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">London agreement (Italy, France and Britain)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1915<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-69 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Gallipoli Campaign begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Winston Churchill&#8217;s plan for a bold attack on the Turkish Dardanelles Straits held out the possibility of pushing the Ottoman Empire out of the war and providing supplies to Russia.  The campaign was poorly planned and managed, resulting in extensive casualties among Australian and New Zealand troops, before the allies withdrew.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-70 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After negotiating with both the Central Powers and the Allies, Italy entered the war with promises of territorial gains from the Habsburg realm, but difficult terrain and unprepared Italian troops meant they were unable to advance.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-71 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Battle of Jutland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1915 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-72 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Bulgaria declares war on Serbia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1915<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-73 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Serbian army collapses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1915<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-74 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan presents the &#8216;twenty-one demands&#8217; to China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1915 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Europe was preoccupied fighting the First World War, Japan forced China to accept greater Japanese control of its economy, spurring Chinese nationalism as well as American and British mistrust.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-75 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of the land phase of the Dardanelles campaign, in which ANZAC troops were used extensively at Gallipoli<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1915 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-76 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Hussein\u2013McMahon correspondence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1915 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exchange of letters regarding the future status of Arab lands offered future independence in return for Arab revolts against the Ottoman Empire, leading to expectations of freedom in 1919.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-77 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops land and occupy Haiti (stay until 1934)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1915<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-78 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Ottoman massacre of Armenian population<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1915 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-79 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Battle of Verdun begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recognizing the attritional nature of the war, the German army attacked France at the historically important fortress of Verdun.  Knowing the French would not surrender the fortress, the Germans proceed to bleed the French army white through extended attacks.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-80 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Battle of the Somme begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1916<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-81 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy declares war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1916<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-82 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Russian Brusilov Offensive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1916<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-83 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Easter rising in Dublin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1916 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Repression of Irish revolt in the middle of the First World War spurred greater Irish resistance and ultimately independence after the war.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-84 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Sykes-Picot agreement signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1916 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-85 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Congress and the Muslim League sign the Lucknow Pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1916 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Co-operation between the largely Hindu INC and the Muslim League indicated a united bargaining position with Britain.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-86 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Signing of the Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1916 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The secret agreement divided Ottoman territory between France and Britain.  Its revelation during the war resulted in Arab outrage due to its conflict with promises in the Hussein\u2013McMahon correspondence.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-87 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops enter Mexico; withdrawn in February 1917<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After initial US support for Pancho Villa was withdrawn, the strongman invaded the US, killing Americans in a border town.  This led to a US military intervention into the rough terrain of northern  Mexico in an unsuccessful hunt for Villa, ending shortly before US entry into the First World War.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-88 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Tsar Nicholas II abdicates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1917 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Romanov abdication signals domestic turmoil leading to the Russian Revolution, pulling Russia out of the war and ultimately ushering in a Communist government.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-89 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">United States declares war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1917 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">American entry altered the military balance in favour of the Allies, although it would take the US another year to bring large forces to Europe.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-90 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Greece declares war on Central Powers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1917 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-91 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Battle of Passchendaele<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1917 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-92 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Bolshevik Revolution in Russia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1917 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Russian Revolution eliminated Russia as a major belligerent, allowing Germany to shift forces west and possibly defeat the Allies before American troops arrived in great numbers.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-93 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US declares war on Austria-Hungary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1917 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-94 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">China declares war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1917 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-95 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain forms the Imperial War Cabinet that includes representatives from the Dominions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1917 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-96 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain declares intention to steer India towards eventual &#8216;self-government&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1917 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-97 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain issues the Balfour declaration promising a homeland for the Jewish people<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1917 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-98 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain issues the Balfour Declaration promising the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1917 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">British declaration promised a Jewish homeland, partly in the hope of swaying opinion amongst Jewish populations in the  US, Russia and Germany.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-99 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US entry into the First World War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1917<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-100 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1918<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">President Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1918 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wilson&#8217;s Fourteen Points called for national self-determination, restoration of borders, reduction of armaments, and a new international system including a League of Nations to resolve conflict, heralding a moderate peace programme in opposition to the claims advanced by the other Allies.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-101 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1918<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1918 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russo-German peace treaty included massive loss of territory, indicating excessive German war aims.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-102 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1918<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Armistice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1918 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following defeats starting in the summer of 1918, Germany accepted an armistice on Wilson&#8217;s Fourteen Points, ultimately being forced to accept harsher peace terms.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-103 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1918<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Beginning of Allied intervention in Siberia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1918 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-104 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1918<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hara Kei leads Japan&#8217;s first party government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1918 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-105 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1918<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Zionist Commission opens offices in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1918 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-106 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1918<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First World War ends<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1918<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-107 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Versailles signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1919 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Treaty of Versailles included harsh treatment of defeated Germany, including massive reparations, disarmament, and acceptance of guilt for starting the war.  German anger at the treaty impeded return of Germany to the international community and weakened the Weimar Government which signed the agreement.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-108 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Saint-Germain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-109 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-110 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Neuilly<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-111 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of Paris Peace Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-112 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Nationalist demonstrations in China against the terms of the Versailles Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1919 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Starting with student revolts, a nationalist movement is sparked by failure of China to regain Shandong territory or end the 21 Demands in the peace treaty.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-113 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Wafd-led rebellion against British control over Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1919 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Revolution led to independence in 1922, Britain continuing to maintain defence of the Suez Canal and of Egypt itself.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-114 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Amritsar massacre in India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-115 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Turkish war of independence against Allied occupation and partition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-116 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the mandates system under the auspices of the League of Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-117 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Introduction of Montagu-Chelmsford reforms in India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1919 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reforms had goal of ultimate self-government at the provincial level, potentially defusing Indian nationalism.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-118 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First Palestinian Arab Congress convenes in Jerusalem<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1919 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-119 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1919<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Foundation of the International Labour Organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1919 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> The ILO was an example of the extension of the League of Nations operations from political and security-related to broader social issues.  The ILO provided a forum for discussing labour standards.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-120 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Trianon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1920 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-121 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of S\u00e8vres<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1920 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-122 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Congress launches first civil disobedience campaign against British rule and allies itself with the Muslim Khilafat movement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1920 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-123 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of San Remo partitions the Arab lands under the Ottoman Empire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1920 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-124 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Nebi Musa riots take place in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1920 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Early clash between Jewish settlers and Palestinians leading to temporary British halt on Jewish immigration.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-125 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Haganah to defend Jewish property in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1920 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-126 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Sir Herbert Samuel appointed first British high commissioner for Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1920 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-127 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Foundation of the Palestinian Executive headed by Musa Kazim al-Husayni<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1920 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-128 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1920<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops enter Guatemala<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1920<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-129 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1921<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Riga<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1921 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-130 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1921<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Reparations Commission sets German payments at 132 billion gold marks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1921 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-131 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1921<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Convening of the Washington Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1921 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Washington Conference attempted to resolve several inter-related security issues in East Asia, including a nascent naval arms race between Japan and the US, unresolved questions relating to China, and a successor agreement to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.  Amongst the agreements reached at Washington, a naval arms control treaty regime was formed, setting force rations for the five victorious allies in the First World War, at the ratio of 5:5:3:1.75:1.75, for the states Britain, the US, Japan, France, and Italy, respectively.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-132 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1921<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Signing of the Four-Power Treaty at Washington which paves the way for the termination of the Anglo-Japanese alliance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1921 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-133 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1921<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of emirate of Transjordan and kingdom of Iraq under British control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1921 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-134 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1921<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Southern Ireland given Dominion status as the Irish Free State<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1921 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-135 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Rapallo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1922 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russo-German agreement united the two outcast states.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-136 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Mussolini comes to power in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1922 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-137 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Signing of the nine-power and the five-power treaties at Washington<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1922 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-138 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Gandhi calls off the disobedience campaign following the Chauri Chaura massacre<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1922 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-139 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Egypt granted independence by Britain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1922 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-140 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Chanak incident in Turkey in which Canada and South Africa refuse to follow the British lead<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1922 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-141 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Supreme Muslim Council led by Hajj Amin al-Husayni<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1922 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-142 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1922<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Issue of British White Paper on the Palestinian Mandate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1922 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Document attempted to clarify British commitments to Israeli and Palestinian peoples made during the war.  The clarification supported an Israeli homeland, and excluded obligations to Arab independence from territories west of Damascus.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-143 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">French and Belgium troops occupy the Ruhr industrial region of Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1923 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">German failure to make war reparation payments led French and Belgian forces to occupy the Ruhr to coerce Germany.  The attempt succeeded in the short-term at the cost of much goodwill in the international community.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-144 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Lausanne<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1923 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-145 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Sun-Joffe agreement paves the way for the formation of the Comintern-GMD-CCP united front in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1923 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-146 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1923 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-147 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain gives self-government to South Rhodesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1923 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-148 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conclusion of the &#8216;Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1923 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-149 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1924<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Allied and German delegates at London conference sign protocol ending Ruhr crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1924 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-150 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1924<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Dawes Plan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1924 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Dawes Plan reorganized German reparations payments, bringing American loans to Germany, enabling the latter to pay reparations to the Allies, and the Allies to repay war loans owed to the US.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-151 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1925<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">French Premier Briand proposes a European federation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1925 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-152 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1925<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Rhineland Pact signed at Locarno<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1925 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Germany accepted its new western borders in a series of agreements indicating a new European spirit of co-operation.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-153 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1925<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of the May Thirtieth movement aimed at British imperialism in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1925 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-154 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1926<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Treaty of Berlin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1926 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russo-German agreement provided neutrality in the event of war with a third party.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-155 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1926<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany joins League of Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1926 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-156 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1926<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">GMD launches Northern Expedition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1926 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GMD military operation aimed at uniting China and ending regional control by warlords.  While effective national government was not secured, increased nationalism was unleashed against the imperial powers.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-157 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1926<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Failed PKI revolt in Java<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1926 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Communist-led revolt in Java failed to secure independence with divisions between factions with socialist goals and a broader membership seeking more immediate nationalist goals.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-158 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1926<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US troops re-enter Nicaragua (stay until 1933)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1926<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-159 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1927<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">World Economic Conference in Geneva<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1927 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-160 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1927<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Geneva Naval Conference opens<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1927 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Geneva Conference attempted to extend Washington Treaty regulations to smaller warships, but Anglo-American disagreement was highlighted in the discussions and the gathering failed to reach an agreement.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-161 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1927<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Jiang Jieshi breaks from the First United Front<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1927 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-162 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Kellogg-Briand Pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1928 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This agreement renounced the use of war, adhered to by a majority of nations, including the United States.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-163 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Jiang Jieshi becomes president of the nationalist republican government in Nanjing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1928 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-164 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of new Nationalist government in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1928 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chinese GMD spurs nationalist movements throughout East Asia.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-165 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Foundation of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1928 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Muslim Brotherhood was one of the first political Islamic organizations to seek creation of the Islamic state.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-166 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Young Plan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1929 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Young Plan modified the earlier Dawes Plan with lower payments.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-167 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">New York Stock Market crash<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1929 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-168 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Wall Street Crash, which soon adversely affects the Japanese economy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1929 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-169 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Wailing Wall riots in Jerusalem<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1929 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Large-scale rioting was driven by Jewish immigration to Palestine and resulting Palestinian fears for long-term prospects.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-170 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Foundation of the Jewish Agency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1929 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-171 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of Shaw Commission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1929 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Commission examined the causes of the Wailing Wall riots, exonerating British presence during the attacks, and ultimately recommending reduced Jewish immigration.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-172 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Wall Street crash and the onset of the Great Depression<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1929<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-173 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Young Plan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1929 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Young Plan attempted to maintain German commitment to repaying war reparations by lowering total amount.  The US provided loans to Germany, who paid war reparations to the Western Allies, who repaid war debts to the US.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-174 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1929<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Conclusion of the &#8216;Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1929 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-175 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">London Naval Conference convenes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1930 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The London Naval Conference attempted to extend the Washington Treaty force ratios to smaller types of warships, including cruisers and destroyers.  The gathering struggled to reach consensus, with greater Japanese resistance to the lower force ratio than the US and Britain, while Franco-Italian tensions prevented a single standard from being adopted by the five Washington Treaty powers.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-176 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Congress launches the second civil disobedience campaign<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1930 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-177 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Release of Passfield White Paper on Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1930 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Paper recommended further reduction of Jewish immigration and criticized Zionist institutions.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-178 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Raphael Trujillo confirms his rule in the Dominican Republic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trujillo&#8217;s rule typified that of the strongmen supported by the US.  While the Dominican Republic enjoyed greater stability and economic growth, civil liberties were trampled with brutal oppression of dissent.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-179 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Heinrich Br\u00fcning becomes German chancellor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1930 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-180 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">National Socialists make large gains in German elections<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1930 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-181 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Founding of the Indochinese Communist Party<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1930<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-182 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Mukden incident sparks the Manchurian crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1931 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japanese Kwantung Army, acting without governmental authorization, invaded Manchuria, ultimately setting up a puppet government.  The army sought a resource base in order to develop the economy for a possible conflict with the Soviet Union, seeking autarchy in response to the turmoil of the Great Depression.  The Western response was muted, labelling Japan an aggressor in the Lytton Report of 1933, leading to Japanese withdrawal from the League of Nations.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-183 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Failed communist insurrection in Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1931 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-184 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Statute of Westminster gives equal constitutional status to the Dominions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1931 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Statute extends full equality between the dominions and Britain.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-185 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Foundation of the Irgun<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1931 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-186 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Austro-German customs union scheme revealed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1931 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-187 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Austrian Credit-Anstalt crashes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1931 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-188 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1931<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain abandons the gold standard<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1931 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-189 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Sino-Japanese hostilities extend briefly to Shanghai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1932 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-190 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">End of &#8216;party government&#8217; in Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1932 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Turmoil caused by the Great Depression, military opposition to arms limitation, and party scandals led to the discrediting and collapse of democratic government in Japan.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-191 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Ottawa Conference leads to the introduction of imperial preference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1932 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-192 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Independence granted to Iraq<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1932 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-193 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">World Disarmament Conference Opens<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1932 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-194 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Franz von Papen becomes German chancellor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1932 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-195 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1932<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Kurt von Schleicher becomes German chancellor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1932 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-196 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1933<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The League of Nations votes to adopt the Lytton Report leading to Japan leaving the organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1933 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-197 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1933<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Franklin Roosevelt announces the &#8216;Good Neighbor&#8217; policy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1933<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The &#8216;Good Neighbor&#8217; policy was another US attempt to improve relations with Latin America, by affirming the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-198 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1933<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hitler becomes German chancellor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1933 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Weimar government suffered a gradual breakdown during the Great Depression, with credibility of democracy undermined through association with the Versailles Peace Treaty.   Following an extended period of parliamentary deadlock and presidential rule by decree under Hindenberg, Hitler negotiates his way into the chancellorship, rapidly securing personal power.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-199 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1933<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Franklin D. Roosevelt become US President<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1933 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-200 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1933<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">World Economic conference breaks down<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1933 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The collapse of the World Economic Conference exemplified the unwillingness of the Great Powers to reach co-operative solutions to the Great Depression, with each power seeking unilateral gains through protectionism.  While attempting to reestablish currency exchange rates, FDR announced American disinterest in stabilizing the dollar.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-201 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1933<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany leaves the League of Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1933 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-202 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Amau statement sets out Japan&#8217;s idea for a &#8216;Monroe Doctrine&#8217; in East Asia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1934 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-203 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of CCP&#8217;s Long March from Jiangxi to Shaanxi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1934 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-204 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of labour unrest in the British West Indies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1934 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Revolts highlighted economic inequality and spurred British programmes for colonial development.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-205 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Death of Musa Kazim al-Husayni<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1934 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-206 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Fulgencio Batista establishes dictatorship in Cuba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1934<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-207 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">France rejects further disarmament talks with Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1934 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-208 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Abortive Nazi coup in Vienna<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1934 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-209 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1934<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet Union joins the League of Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1934 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soviet Foreign Minister Litvinov sought integration of the Soviet Union into the international community, as well as collective security, joining the League of Nations and entering into treaties with France and Czechoslovakia.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-210 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan begins to sponsor the autonomy movement in North China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-211 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of the Comintern seventh Congress which calls for a new united front in China in order to resist Japanese fascism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-212 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain sends a financial mission to China to assist with its new currency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-213 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Copper-belt strike in North Rhodesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1935 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Early industrial action against the British Empire, in which miners struck against the imposition of taxes.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-214 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain passes the Government of India Act allowing Indians to take a greater role in provincial government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-215 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hitler orders conscription in Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-216 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Stresa front formed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-217 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Franco-Soviet mutual assistance treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-218 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Czech\u2013Soviet mutual assistance treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1935 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-219 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1935<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy begins its conquest of Ethiopia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1935 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Italian conquest of Ethiopia, and the western disapproval of Italian actions led to a greater split between the western Allies and the revisionist Fascist government.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-220 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Failed army coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat in Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-221 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan and Germany sign the Anti-Comintern Pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1936 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Japanese coordination with Germany was intended to link policies against the Soviet Union, sharing intelligence on revolutionaries and agreeing to neutrality in event of war with a third party.  Japanese adherence to the pact signalled an anti-Soviet policy between Germany and Japan.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-222 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Xi&#8217;an incident<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-223 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Arab revolt in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-224 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anglo-Egyptian agreement leading to British troops withdrawing to the Suez Canal zone<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-225 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Arab Revolt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1936 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Major Palestinian revolt against British rule occurred as war loomed in Europe.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-226 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of Peel Commission<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1936 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In response to Arab Revolt, the Peel Commission recommended partition of Palestine.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-227 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anastasio Somosa consolidates his dictatorship in Nicaragua<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1936<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-228 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Mussolini signals to Hitler his disinterest in Austria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-229 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German troops march into the Rhineland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1936 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Europe was preoccupied with the Ethiopian crisis, Germany remilitarized the Rhineland in breach of obligations in the Versailles Treaty.   Western inaction allowed the Nazi fait accompli to succeed, in spite of inadequate German troops to defend the territory against the Allies.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-230 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Popular Front wins French elections<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-231 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy annexes Ethiopia (Abyssinia)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-232 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Spanish Civil War begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1936 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Spanish Civil War became a proxy conflict for the European powers, with Italy, Germany and the Soviet Union sending military supplies.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-233 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German\u2013Japanese Anti-Comintern Pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-234 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1936<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Mussolini announces Rome\u2013Berlin Axis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1936 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-235 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of Konoe government in Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-236 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Outbreak of Sino-Japanese War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1937 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marco Polo Bridge Incident led to a war neither the Chinese nor Japanese governments sought, yet which neither could avoid.  The inability of Japan to rapidly defeat China led to Western misperception of Japanese weakness.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-237 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Signing of Sino-Soviet non-aggression pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-238 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of second united front in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-239 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">President Roosevelt makes his &#8216;quarantine speech&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-240 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan initiates the Nanjing massacre when the Nationalist capital falls to its troops<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-241 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Announcement of provincial elections results in India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-242 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hajj Amin al-Husayni forced to flee Palestine due to his role in the Arab Revolt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-243 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Neville Chamberlain becomes British prime minister<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-244 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hossbach Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-245 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy joins Anti-Comintern Pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1937 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Italian entry into the pact marked the final split between Italy and the west, after the Stresa Front initiative failed to halt German expansion.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-246 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1937<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy leaves the League of Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1937 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-247 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan calls off peace talks with Jiang&#8217;s regime<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1938 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-248 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Konoe declares the creation of the &#8216;New Order in East Asia&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1938 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere&#8217; sought greater integration of East Asian economies at the expense of European colonial powers, but also solely to benefit Japanese industry.  Japan attempted to harness growing nationalism in the region, yet Japanese statements were undermined by aggressive policies.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-249 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Evian international conference on Jewish refugees from Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1938 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-250 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Kristallnacht destruction of Jewish property in Nazi Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1938 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Increased German violence led to further Jewish immigration pressures in Palestine.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-251 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Mexico nationalizes all property held by foreign oil companies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One success of the &#8216;Good Neighbor&#8217; policy was with US\u2013Mexican relations.  When Mexico nationalized foreign oil company holdings in 1938, the US accepted Mexican actions and negotiated compensation in 1941.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-252 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany invades Austria (Anschluss)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1938 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Germany invaded Austria to preempt an Austrian plebiscite on German unification.  The Austrian public accepted German rule, providing Germany with greater resources for rearmament.  The rapidity of German action surprised the west, undermining the allied goal of keeping the two states separate.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-253 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">May &#8216;weekend&#8217; crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1938 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-254 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Czechoslovak Crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1938 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-255 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Munich Agreement (Germany, Britain, France, Italy)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1938 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In response to the rapid development of the Austrian invasion, the west took a greater interest in managing the Czechoslovak Crisis.  When Germany demanded protection of minorities in the Sudetenland, Chamberlain sought direct negotiation.  The West was divided over what they perceived to be legitimate German grievances against the Versailles settlement, while western military planners overestimated German military strength and sought time to prepare for war.  The resulting Munich Agreement has been viewed as the epitome of the policy of appeasement, although more recent evaluations have taken a more nuanced view of western policy.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-256 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Kristallnacht: brutal attacks on Jews in Germany and Austria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1938 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-257 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Franco-German declaration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1938 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-258 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Evian international conference on Jewish refugees from Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1938 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-259 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1938<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Sudeten crisis sees Germany pervert the concept of minority rights in its own interests<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May-September 1938 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nazi Germany exploited the inter-war focus on collective minority rights to justify aggressive expansion into neighbouring states.  In reaction to these episodes, post-1945 human rights focused increasingly on individual rights.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-260 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan blockades the British and French concessions at Tianjin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-261 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The United States announces its intention to abrogate its commercial treaty with Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-262 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of the European War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-263 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain declares war on behalf of India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-264 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The House of Commons votes to adopt the MacDonald White Paper<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1939 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">White Paper abandoned idea of partition and replaced it with immigration limits.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-265 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Declaration of Panama<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the outbreak of the Second World War, the Western Hemisphere decreed a neutrality zone in American waters in an act of solidarity.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-266 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German troops occupy rump Czech state<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-267 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anglo-French guarantees to Poland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1939 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After Germany annexed the rump Czech state, the western Allies belatedly made security guarantees to Poland, Romania, and Greece, signalling an intent to uphold the territorial order against further Axis encroachments.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-268 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy seizes Albania<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-269 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anglo-French guarantees to Greece and Romania<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-270 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Molotov becomes Soviet foreign minister<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-271 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">French and British military missions in Moscow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-272 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Nazi-Soviet Pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1939 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the Munich Agreement, in which Soviet diplomats had been sidelined and collective security abandoned, both Germany and the west courted Soviet favour in the coming war.  The Soviet Union ultimately sided with Germany, agreeing on a division of Poland, buying time for Soviet rearmament while avoiding a western imperialist war.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-273 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany attacks Poland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-274 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain and France declare war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-275 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany attacks Poland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-276 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain and France declare war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-277 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hitler&#8217;s peace overture<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-278 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US amends neutrality laws to permit &#8216;cash and carry&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1939 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-279 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1939<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet Union attacks Finland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1939 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Soviet Union exploited the Nazi-Soviet Pact to push its boundaries west, expecting eventual German aggression.  Its attack on Finland backfired, the Finns halting Russian advances in a winter campaign.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-280 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Burma Road crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-281 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of the second Konoe Cabinet with Yosuke Matsuoka as foreign minister<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-282 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese occupation of north Indochina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-283 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">American, British and Dutch sanctions against Japan introduced<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Increased western sanctions were intended to counter Japanese expansion in Indochina and the continued Sino-Japanese War.  Ultimately, western sanctions prohibiting the sale of strategic materials such as oil led Japan to seek a rapid military strike, facing a closing window of opportunity.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-284 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese signing of Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Tripartite Pact was intended to deter the US and Britain through the risk of a two-front war, coercing them into accepting Japanese expansion in South-East Asia.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-285 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain reopens the Burma Road<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-286 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Muslim League issues Lahore resolution calling for a separate Islamic state in post-Raj India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-287 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Foundation of the Lehi, also known as the Stern Gang<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-288 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany invades Denmark and Norway<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-289 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German offensive in the west begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1940 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast to the stalemate in the First World War, the German offensives in May 1940 rapidly rout Allied armies, conquering Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg.  By June, France itself falls, leaving Britain to fight the war alone, while Italy enters the war.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-290 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Winston Churchill becomes British Prime Minster<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-291 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy declares war on France and Britain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-292 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">France and Germany and Italy conclude armistice agreements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-293 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Royal Navy attacks the French fleet anchored at Mers el-Kebir<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1940<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-294 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain closes Burma Road to China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-295 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Battle of Britain begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1940 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">British refusal to concede defeat, and German inability to directly invade Britain, leads to German attempts to defeat Britain through air power.  The German bombing campaign ultimately fails, and Nazi Germany shifts east, hoping to defeat the Soviet Union before its rearmament programme is complete.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-296 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US exchanges 50 destroyers with Britain for loan of British bases<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Franklin Roosevelt gradually unravelled the isolationist American stance in the war, bringing US support for Britain.  The destroyers for bases deal provided Britain with warships to convoy its merchant trade across the Atlantic, while the US increased its presence in the Atlantic u-boat campaign by operating from British bases.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-297 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US breaks Japanese diplomatic code<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-298 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese troops occupy northern Indochina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-299 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US offers China a $50 million loan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-300 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Tripartite Pact (Germany, Japan and Italy)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-301 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German troops occupy Romania<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-302 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy attacks Greece<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-303 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Roosevelt elected for a third term as US President<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-304 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hitler issues order for attack on Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1940 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-305 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1940<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan occupies North Indochina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1940<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-306 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of the Hull-Nomura talks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-307 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1941 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact signalled a Japanese intent to focus on China and South-East Asia rather than co-ordinating with Germany in attacking the Soviet Union.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-308 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese occupation of South Indochina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-309 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">American, British and Dutch oil sanctions against Japan introduced<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-310 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Formation of Hideki Tojo&#8217;s government in Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-311 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan launches attacks on American, British and Dutch territory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-312 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Roosevelt and Churchill issue the Atlantic Charter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> August 1941 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atlantic Charter states war goals of self-determination, indicating US commitment to colonial independence after the war.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-313 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Sinking of the refugee ship Struma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1941 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sinking of the ship stoked Jewish anger against British restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-314 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hajj Amin al-Husayni meets with Mussolini and Hitler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October and November 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-315 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1941<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-316 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Lend Lease legislation passed in US Congress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-317 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany invades Yugoslavia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-318 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet Union and Japan sign a neutrality pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-319 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany attacks Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1941 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Nazi attack on the Soviet Union was a massive blitzkrieg attack seeking to knock the Soviets out of the war in a single campaign.  Ultimately, the attack failed with the onset of a brutal Russian winter.  By bringing the Soviet Union into the war, Germany vastly extended the scale of the conflict.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-320 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain and Soviet Union conclude mutual assistance treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-321 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan occupies southern Indochina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-322 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Roosevelt and Churchill meet at Argentin+B45a conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-323 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Atlantic Charter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-324 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan decides on war against the United States and Britain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-325 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US confirms suspension of trade with Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-326 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US amends neutrality legislation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-327 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan attacks Pearl Harbor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1941 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, co-ordinated with Japanese attacks across the Pacific and South-East Asia, immobilized the American fleet long enough to capture South-East Asian resources in the Dutch East Indies, Indochina and Malaya.  Japan gambled that the US would be unable to roll back the rapid Japanese gains without major casualties, which would sap the American will to fight.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-328 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US and Britain declare war on Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-329 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">China declares war on Japan and Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-330 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany and Italy declare war on US<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1941 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-331 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1941<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Vietminh founded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1941<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-332 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Fall of Singapore to Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1942 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fall of Singapore was the single greatest British military defeat, shattering the myth of European invincibility.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-333 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Cripps mission to India and new promise of self-government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1942 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Labelled a &#8216;post-dated cheque on a failing bank&#8217;, Cripps promises Indian dominion status after the war in return for co-operation during the conflict, in the midst of Japanese offensives in South-East Asia and Burma.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-334 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Congress launches &#8216;Quit India&#8217; campaign<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1942 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">INC civil disobedience campaign in the midst of the Second World War resulted in large-scale arrests of INC leadership and weakened the INC relative to other parties during negotiations leading to independence.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-335 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Wannsee Conference held in Germany to arrange for the &#8216;final solution&#8217; of &#8216;the Jewish problem&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-336 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">American Zionists release the Biltmore Program calling for a Jewish state in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-337 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan invades Dutch East Indies and Borneo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-338 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Declaration of the United Nations signed by 26 Allied nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-339 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">British surrender at Singapore<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-340 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First 1,000-bomber British air raid on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1942<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-341 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan captures Burma and reaches India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-342 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Battle of Coral Sea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-343 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US forces in Philippines surrender<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-344 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese navy defeated at Midway<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1942 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The turning point of the Pacific War occurred when a Japanese offensive in the Western Pacific was blunted by the US n+C65avy, Japan losing four aircraft carriers and irreplaceable veteran pilots.  Nonetheless, the US still needed a significant amount of time to build up forces capable of defeating Japan.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-345 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germans begin a drive toward Stalingrad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1942<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-346 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Stalin and Churchill meet in Moscow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1942<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-347 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Battle of Stalingrad begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1942 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The turning point of the Russian campaign, Hitler launched a major southern offensive in 1942, ultimately refusing to allow a withdrawal from Stalingrad in the face of Soviet counterattacks.  An entire German army surrendered at Stalingrad, signalling a shift of the initiative to the Soviet Union.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-348 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese aircraft bomb Darwin Australia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-349 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US forces land in North Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-350 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German and Italian troops invade unoccupied Vichy France<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-351 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1942<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Wannsee Conference held in Germany to arrange for the &#8216;final solution&#8217; of &#8216;the Jewish problem&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1942 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-352 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army offensive at Stalingrad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-353 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German army at Stalingrad surrenders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-354 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese forces withdraw after defeat at Guadalcanal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-355 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany begins withdrawal from Tunisia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-356 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German troops in North Africa surrender<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-357 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germans suspend U-boat operation in North Atlantic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-358 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German army begins Kursk offensive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-359 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Mussolini&#8217;s government falls<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-360 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Allies invade Sicily<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-361 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy surrenders to the Allies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1943 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following the Allied invasion of Sicily, Italian support for the war and for Mussolini&#8217;s Fascist government collapsed, and he was ousted.  Italian support for the war had never been strong, and weak Italian performance in the Balkans and North Africa confirmed popular views that the war was not serving Italian interests.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-362 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Mussolini re-establishes Fascist government in northern Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-363 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Italy declares war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-364 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army offensive into the Ukraine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-365 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill meet at Teheran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-366 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Allied Powers decide that individuals can be put on trial for war crimes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1943 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-367 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Jewish Revolt in Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-368 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army enters Poland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-369 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Allies invade Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-370 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army relieves Leningrad<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-371 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army begins offensive into Belorussia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-372 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">German army in Crimea surrenders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-373 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US bombing raids against Japan begin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-374 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Allies enter Rome<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-375 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">D-Day landings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1944 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 6, 1944 landings on Normandy fulfilled western Allied pledges to the Soviet Union to open a second front against Nazi Germany.  Stalin had clamored for an invasion since 1942, and had been repeatedly rebuffed by Churchill, who preferred aerial bombardment and Mediterranean campaigns to a direct frontal attack on Germany.  By 1944, allied air superiority and German preoccupation with the Eastern Front allowed a rapid breakout from the Normandy beaches and collapse of the German position in the west.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-376 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">British and Canadian troops capture Caen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-377 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hitler survives assassination attempt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-378 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Warsaw uprising<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-379 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Liberation of Paris<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-380 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army takes Bucharest<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-381 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Finland and Soviet Union agree cease-fire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-382 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Battle of Leyte Gulf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-383 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Allies liberate Athens<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-384 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1944<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of Dumbarton Oaks conference on the United Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1944 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-385 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Defeat of Germany reveals the extent of the Holocaust<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-386 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Argentina becomes the last Latin American country to declare war on Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1945<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-387 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army captures Warsaw<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-388 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army liberates Auschwitz<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-389 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Yalta Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1945 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Yalta Conference set Big Three policy for post-war planning in Europe, marking the decline in Allied diplomatic cooperation.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-390 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US forces invade Japanese-held Iwo Jima<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-391 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">US and Filipino troops capture Manila<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-392 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Tokyo firebombed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-393 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Allied offensives into the Ruhr<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-394 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Red Army reaches Berlin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-395 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Hitler commits suicide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-396 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany surrenders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-397 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japanese forces at Okinawa surrender<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-398 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Allies divide up Germany into occupation zones<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-399 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First 1,000-bomber raids on Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-400 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">First atomic bomb test<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-401 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet Union declares war on Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-402 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-403 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan surrenders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-404 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">United Nations established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-405 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Nuremberg War Crimes trials begin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-406 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Yalta Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the Yalta Conference, the Big Three arranged post-war policy towards defeated Germany and Eastern Europe, with ambiguity about democracy and independence in the region.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-407 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Germany Surrenders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1945<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-408 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Potsdam Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July-August 1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Last major wartime conference of the Big Three, agreed on division of Germany into occupation zones and terms of Japanese surrender, marking end of Grand Alliance co-operation.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-409 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-410 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet entry into the Pacific War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-411 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Sino-Soviet treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-412 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Termination of the Pacific War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-413 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Viet Minh announces the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">French rule in Indochina collapsed in 1941 with Japanese occupation.  With the end of the war, Vietnam declared independence from France, setting up a conflict with its former colonial master.  France needed Vietnamese resources for reconstruction in Europe, and sought to rehabilitate its prestige in the world, requiring maintenance of the empire.  Unlike the case of Indonesia, the US supported French goals of restoration, as the US needed France as a major ally in Europe.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-414 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Sukarno declares the independence of Indonesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indonesian independence also followed the collapse of European colonial rule, and the power vacuum created by the defeat of Japan.  The Netherlands sought to reestablish control of the East Indies, but US opposition blocked its colonial ambitions.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-415 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">General Douglas MacArthur appointed as Supreme Allied Commander Pacific and takes charge of the allied occupation of Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">US occupation of Japan initiated a process of democratization and reform, although the Emperor remained in power as a figurehead.  US policy towards Japan would soon shift to economic reconstruction, as the US sought an ally to replace China.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-416 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">American and Soviet troops enter their respective zones of occupation in Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-417 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Return of British colonial control over Hong Kong<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-418 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Marshall mission to China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-419 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent (Democratic Republic of Vietnam)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1945<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-420 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Foundation of UN Food and Agricultural Organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-421 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Termination of the Pacific War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-422 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">General Douglas MacArthur appointed as Supreme Allied Commander Pacific and takes charge of the allied occupation of Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-423 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">American and Soviet troops enter their respective zones of occupation in Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-424 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Japan signs the official surrender document on the USS Missouri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-425 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain introduces the second Colonial Development and Welfare Act<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1945 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With Asian colonies rapidly reaching independence, the imperial powers had a greater need for African resources for post-war reconstruction.  Britain recognized the need for colonial development in order to maintain loyalty to empire.  However, reforms only increased the drive for independence.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-426 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Second World War ends in Europe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1945<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-427 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">San Francisco conference opens which establishes the UN Charter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1945 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Great Powers initially sought a focus on security in the UN, but revelations of the Holocaust shifted attention towards issues of human rights.  A UN Commission on Human Rights was formed which prepared the Universal Declaration on Human Rights.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-428 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1945<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of Nuremburg War Crimes Trial<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1945 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-429 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Bombing of the King David&#8217;s Hotel in Jerusalem kills 91 people<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1946 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Irgun militant attack on headquarters of British government in Palestine was deadliest attack on British forces throughout the Mandate era.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-430 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Tokyo War Crimes trials begin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1946<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-431 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Churchill&#8217;s Iron Curtain speech<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1946<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-432 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Marshall arranges a short-lived cease-fire in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-433 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet withdrawal from Manchuria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-434 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain establishes controversial Malayan Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-435 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Chinese Civil War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-436 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The United States grants independence to the Philippines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-437 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Viet Minh&#8217;s war of independence against France<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-438 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the World Health Organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-439 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">General Juan Peron becomes president of Argentina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1946<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-440 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain establishes an African majority in the legislative council of the Gold Coast (Ghana)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-441 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Winston Churchill calls for &#8216;a kind of United States of Europe&#8217; in a speech in Zurich<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1946<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-442 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1946<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Opening of Tokyo War Crimes Trial<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1946 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-443 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain refers the problem of Palestine to the UN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1947 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-444 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">UNSCOP proposes the partition of Palestine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 1947 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proposal called for separate Palestinian and Israeli states, with scattered territorial enclaves, and an internationalized city of Jerusalem, together with economic union and protection of minority religious rights.  UN General Assembly adoption of the resolution sparked fighting by Palestinians.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-445 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Creation of the Bizone in Germany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1947<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-446 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Truman Doctrine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In response to revolution in Greece and threats to Turkey, the US pledged support to any regime seeking to counter Communist threat.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-447 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Marshall Plan speech<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Marshall Plan provided economic assistance to aid in the recovery of devastated Europe after the Second World War.  The plan was intended to ameliorate the suffering and dislocation by spurring economic growth, thereby undermining popular support for radical regimes.  Aid was offered to all European states, with the Soviet satellite states refusing assistance.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-448 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">COMINFORM established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1947<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-449 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Independence of India and Pakistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1947 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Britain accepted independence of a partitioned India in 1947, lacking military resources to maintain control against popular will.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-450 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Indo-Pakistani war over Kashmir starts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1947 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-451 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Nehru hosts Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1947 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-452 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Independence of India and Pakistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1947 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-453 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">GMD violently suppresses revolt in Taiwan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1947 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-454 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Implementation of new Japanese constitution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1947 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-455 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Rio Treaty (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance) signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1947<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-456 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">France establishes the Fonds d&#8217;Investissement et de D\u00e9veloppement Economique et Social des Territoires d&#8217;Outre-Mer (FIDES)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1947 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-457 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1947<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Marshall Plan announced<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1947<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-458 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the state of Israel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-459 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq send forces to attack Israel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1948 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Palestinian\u2013Israeli conflict of November 1947 escalated into an international war following Israeli declaration of independence.  Despite initial setbacks, Israeli victory resulted in capture of territory beyond UN demarcation in 1947.  Arab unity was shaken and Palestinians were left with refugee status.   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-460 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The unexpected Communist coup in Czechoslovakia increased  western perception of the Soviet threat dramatically.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-461 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Berlin Blockade begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Soviet Union closed land routes to western occupation zones in Berlin, leading the west to respond with an airlift, sending supplies by airplane to Berlin.  In a diplomatic victory for the west, the Soviets eventually reopened land supply routes.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-462 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Independence of Burma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-463 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Independence of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-464 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Britain establishes Federation of Malaya<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-465 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Start of Malayan emergency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-466 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Republic of Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-467 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Democratic People&#8217;s Republic of Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-468 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Failed PKI revolt against the Indonesian republic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-469 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">CCP achieves victory in Manchurian campaign<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-470 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet\u2013Finnish Security Pact signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-471 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Soviet Union expels Yugoslavia from the Cominform<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-472 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Republic of Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-473 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of the Democratic People&#8217;s Republic of Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-474 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Truman administration adopts NSC13\/2 setting out the need for the economic reconstruction of Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1948 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initial US post-war policy towards Japan focussed on democratization and demilitarization.  The collapse of nationalist China spurred efforts to revitalize the Japanese economy, enabling Japan to play a stabilizing role in the East Asian economy.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-475 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Establishment of Yoshida Cabinet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-476 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Organization of American States (OAS) formed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following the Rio Treaty the OAS was established to co-ordinate hemispheric defence co-operation and resolve regional disputes.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-477 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Anti-British riots take place in Accra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-478 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The National Party under D. F. Malan comes to power in South Africa on the platform of introducing apartheid<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1948 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-479 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The UNGA votes to adopt the &#8216;UN Universal Declaration on Human Rights&#8217; and the &#8216;UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide&#8217;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1948 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In spite of General Assembly adoption, opposition by the Soviet Union and several other states resulted in a non-binding declaration on human rights rather than a convention.  In contrast, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide did become binding on ratifying states in 1951.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-480 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Armistice negotiations start between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-481 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Israeli\u2013Egyptian armistice agreement concluded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-482 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Israeli\u2013Lebanese armistice agreement concluded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">March 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-483 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Israeli\u2013Jordanian armistice agreement concluded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-484 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Israeli\u2013Syrian armistice agreement concluded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">July 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-485 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">COMECON established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1949<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-486 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">NATO Treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">April 1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In response to increasing perceptions of Soviet threats in Europe, the US entered into a military alliance with western European states, indicating a clear intention of the US to remain engaged in European stability, and marking the end of isolationism.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-487 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Berlin Blockade ends, FRG established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1949<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-488 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Soviet Union successfully tests atomic bomb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">September 1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soviet acquisition of an atomic bomb, several years before the west had anticipated, ultimately led to a US &#8216;Red Scare&#8217;.  Having lost the atomic monopoly, US policy had to shift in accepting greater risks in confrontation with the Soviet Union.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-489 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">DRG established; PRC established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1949<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-490 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">UN brokers cease-fire in Kashmir fighting<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-491 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Mao announces that the new China will &#8216;lean to one side&#8217; in the Cold War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">June 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-492 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The CCP establishes the People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1949 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War undermined US goals of a nationalist China as a regional balancing power.  China rapidly took up the cause of anti-colonialism in the region, gradually parting ways with the Soviet Union.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-493 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Netherlands acknowledges independence of Indonesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-494 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The ROC retreats to Taiwan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">December 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-495 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Nehru convenes second Asian Relations Conference to protest against Dutch &#8216;police action&#8217; in Indonesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-496 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">President Truman in his inaugural speech commits the United States to the provision of development aid under the &#8216;point four&#8217; scheme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-497 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Introduction of austerity programme \u2013 the Dodge Line<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">February 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-498 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The CCP establishes the People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">October 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-499 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">The Arab states, aside from Iraq, conclude armistice agreements with Israel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">January 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-500 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Creation of the Council of Europe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">May 1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Council of Europe was an early step towards European integration through an organization dedicated to protecting democracy and human rights in Europe.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#f1f5f6;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-501 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#494949;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">1949<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\">Geneva conventions on war revised to extend POW status to members of resistance movements and civilians within civil wars<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">August 1949 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The first half of the 20th century tested humanity\u2019s limits through two world wars while simultaneously producing extraordinary technological and social advances. 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