{"id":169,"date":"2025-05-06T10:26:19","date_gmt":"2025-05-06T10:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/?page_id=169"},"modified":"2025-09-05T13:35:19","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T13:35:19","slug":"chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/chapter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-71225958e16264ec5dfaa26033984b9d\" style=\"color:#0f476a\">History of the GPE&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-d1c9730d758fa5921098616072b94bdb\" style=\"color:#0f476a\">Watch, Listen, Read, and Explore&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-color:#cccccc;border-width:1px;background-color:#f7f7f7;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"7\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"7\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 2 MCQ Single Answers\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"1\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"7\",\"pagekey\":\"pdV1UR2E\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-24 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Under mercantilism, colonies\u2019 main role was to provide:<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFinance\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSlave labour\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRaw materials\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question24-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question24_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMilitary ports\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question24_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question24\" id=\"question24_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_24\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-25 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Devaluation occurs when:<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\ta country reduces its tariffs\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\ta currency loses value vis a vis another\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\ta populist leader loses power\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question25-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question25_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\ta country&#8217;s debt burden becomes more costly\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question25_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question25\" id=\"question25_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_25\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-26 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Purchasing Power Parity seeks to account for:<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tdifferences in wages\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tdifferences in interest rates\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tdifferences in prices of the same goods\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question26-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question26_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tdifferences in labour supply\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question26_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question26\" id=\"question26_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_26\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-181 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText' name='question181[]' \/> <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText' name='question181[]' \/> conference set up the framework for international trade and monetary relations after WWII.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-182 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText' name='question182[]' \/> <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText' name='question182[]' \/>\\&#8217;s critiques of mercantilism helped to push the UK towards free trade policies.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-183 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank mlwRequiredText' name='question183[]' \/> tariff on the US is emblematic of the trade wars that beset the world economy in the 1930s.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"24Q25Q26Q181Q182Q183Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"6\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"6\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"7\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This content includes videos, podcasts, articles, readings, and other resources to help you understand and explore the content covered in the chapter. Most readings are freely available, although anything marked with an asterisk may require institutional log-in (e.g., through your university). Freely available data sources are also included to explore and further research.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1b4110a70dedd7f9138041547b7bd8bc\" style=\"color:#0f476a\">Videos&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>See <a href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/lecture-videos\/\" title=\"Lecture Videos\">Lecture Video<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PBS documentary on the 2008 financial crisis: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/video\/frontline-inside-the-meltdown\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/video\/frontline-inside-the-meltdown\/<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-e71567cb862808fe31dcc6148c06ced6\" style=\"color:#0f476a\">Podcasts&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Javier Mejia, The Economic and Political History Podcast, <a href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/co\/podcast\/the-economic-and-political-history-podcast\/id1708348817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/co\/podcast\/the-economic-and-political-history-podcast\/id1708348817<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global Economy Podcast, ECIPE, <a href=\"https:\/\/ecipe.org\/feed\/podcast\/global-economy-podcast\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/ecipe.org\/feed\/podcast\/global-economy-podcast\/<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>History of Economic Thought, Ceterus Paribus podcast, <a href=\"https:\/\/ceterisneverparibus.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/ceterisneverparibus.net\/<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U. of Oxford, History of Key Institutions podcast, <a href=\"https:\/\/podcasts.ox.ac.uk\/history-key-institutions-imfworld-bankg8g20-what-why-when\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/podcasts.ox.ac.uk\/history-key-institutions-imfworld-bankg8g20-what-why-when<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-0c542f176e20013b73cd56b2a9bdc6ea\" style=\"color:#0f476a\">Readings&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bretton Woods- Creation:&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreservehistory.org\/essays\/bretton-woods-created\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.federalreservehistory.org\/essays\/bretton-woods-created<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1937-1945\/bretton-woods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1937-1945\/bretton-woods<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>History of the Global Economy: see PBS\u2019s <em>Commanding Heights<\/em> series (based on the book by Daniel Yergin), <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/commandingheights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/commandingheights\/<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>WTO\/GATT\/GATS, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/thewto_e\/whatis_e\/tif_e\/fact1_e.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/thewto_e\/whatis_e\/tif_e\/fact1_e.htm<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smoot-Hawley Tariff:&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Smoot-Hawley-Tariff-Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Smoot-Hawley-Tariff-Act<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eh.net\/encyclopedia\/smoot-hawley-tariff\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/eh.net\/encyclopedia\/smoot-hawley-tariff\/<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marshall Plan: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/marshall-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/marshall-plan<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BRICS:&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/infobrics.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/infobrics.org\/<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-66525474\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-66525474<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-f5c72d6b5f277fa45c3644fa0c6b3d0d\" style=\"color:#0f476a\"><strong>Selected Sources of Free Data<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>OECD, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IMF, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Home<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UN HDI, <a href=\"https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/data-center\/human-development-index#\/indicies\/HDI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/data-center\/human-development-index#\/indicies\/HDI<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>History of the GPE&nbsp; Watch, Listen, Read, and Explore&nbsp; This content includes videos, podcasts, articles, readings, and other resources to help you understand and explore the content covered in the chapter. Most readings are freely available, although anything marked with an asterisk may require institutional log-in (e.g., through your university). Freely available data sources are&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-169","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/169","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=169"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":459,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/169\/revisions\/459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/globalpoliticaleconomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}