{"id":92,"date":"2025-01-15T15:03:58","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T15:03:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/?post_type=content&#038;p=92"},"modified":"2025-02-12T08:26:10","modified_gmt":"2025-02-12T08:26:10","slug":"chapter-10-gene-control-and-cellular-signaling-pathways","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/student-resources\/chapter-10-gene-control-and-cellular-signaling-pathways\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 10: Gene Control and Cellular Signaling Pathways"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As described in Chapter 6, transcription factors are essential for the process of eukaryotic transcription, binding to specific DNA sequences and then acting to either activate or repress transcription of the target gene. Such transcription factors play a central role in regulating gene transcription. As described in Chapter 1 (Section 1.5), transcription is the key stage at which gene expression is regulated to produce different cell types and tissues or to allow cells to respond to specific stimuli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">Multiple-choice questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"10\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"quiz_name\":\"chapter10\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"10\",\"pagekey\":\"tGEyzjSz\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":0,\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":1,\"section_comments\":\"\",\"total_questions\":10,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\"},\"question_list\":{\"115\":{\"question_id\":\"115\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following options accurately describes the post-translational activation of transcription factors in gene regulation?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:122:\\\"Phosphorylation by kinases leads to their activation, allowing binding to DNA and subsequent recruitment of co-activators.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:129:\\\"Ubiquitination enhances their stability and nuclear localization, enabling efficient DNA binding and initiation of transcription.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:121:\\\"Acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) facilitates their interaction with chromatin, promoting gene expression.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:168:\\\"Glycosylation of transcription factors in the cytoplasm allows their translocation to the nucleus, where they initiate transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 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transcription.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) facilitates their interaction with chromatin, promoting gene expression.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Glycosylation of transcription factors in the cytoplasm allows their translocation to the nucleus, where they initiate transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"116\":{\"question_id\":\"116\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following mechanisms is involved in the regulation of transcription factor activity?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:34:\\\"DNA methylation-induced repression\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:20:\\\"Chromatin remodeling\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:20:\\\"Alternative splicing\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:16:\\\"All of the above\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 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bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of the metallothionein gene.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:197:\\\"ACE1 is activated by phosphorylation in response to copper exposure, enhancing its DNA binding affinity and promoting the recruitment of co-activators for the induction of the metallothionein 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the metallothionein gene.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"ACE1 is activated by binding to copper ions, which induces conformational changes in the protein, allowing it to bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of the metallothionein gene.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"ACE1 is activated by phosphorylation in response to copper exposure, enhancing its DNA binding affinity and promoting the recruitment of co-activators for the induction of the metallothionein gene.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"118\":{\"question_id\":\"118\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following is NOT an example of a ligand which activates transcription factors?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:13:\\\"Retionic acid\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:16:\\\"Steriod hormones\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:12:\\\"Yap 1 factor\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:24:\\\"Fibroblast growth factor\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 4\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Retionic acid\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Steriod hormones\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Yap 1 factor\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Fibroblast growth 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glucocorticoid-responsive gene transcription.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:180:\\\"Has no effect on its interaction with HSP90, and the hormone-receptor complex remains in the cytoplasm, resulting in the inhibition of glucocorticoid-responsive gene transcription.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 5\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Stabilizes the receptor-HSP90 complex, preventing its translocation to the nucleus and suppressing the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Leads to its dissociation from HSP90, allowing the hormone-receptor complex to translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Induces the degradation of HSP90, preventing the movement of the hormone-receptor complex to the nucleus and leading to the downregulation of glucocorticoid-responsive gene transcription.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Has no effect on its interaction with HSP90, and the hormone-receptor complex remains in the cytoplasm, resulting in the inhibition of glucocorticoid-responsive gene transcription.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"120\":{\"question_id\":\"120\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following best describes the role of the glucocorticoid receptor in transcriptional regulation?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:146:\\\"It exhibits a bifunctional role in transcription, leading to both positive and negative effects depending on the target gene and cellular context.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:105:\\\"It exclusively promotes positive effects on transcription, enhancing gene expression in all target genes.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:100:\\\"It solely exerts negative effects on transcription, suppressing gene expression in all target genes.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:134:\\\"It primarily influences transcription indirectly by regulating post-transcriptional processes, such as mRNA stability and 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6\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"It exhibits a bifunctional role in transcription, leading to both positive and negative effects depending on the target gene and cellular context.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"It exclusively promotes positive effects on transcription, enhancing gene expression in all target genes.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"It solely exerts negative effects on transcription, suppressing gene expression in all target genes.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"It primarily influences transcription indirectly by regulating post-transcriptional processes, such as mRNA stability and translation.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"121\":{\"question_id\":\"121\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following is a mechanism by which the glucocorticoid receptor factilitates transcriptional repression?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:52:\\\"It blocks the binding of a transcriptional activator\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:52:\\\"It competes with other activators for a co-activator\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:38:\\\"It inhibits transcriptional elongation\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:16:\\\"All of the above\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 7\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"It blocks the binding of a transcriptional activator\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"It competes with other activators for a co-activator\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"It inhibits transcriptional elongation\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"All of the above\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"122\":{\"question_id\":\"122\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Choose which mechanism best describes the activation of heat shock factor (HSF) and subsequent induction of transcription for genes encoding protective proteins in response to stressful stimuli. \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:193:\\\"Stressful stimuli trigger the release of heat shock proteins, which then bind to heat shock factor, inducing its activation and subsequent transcriptional induction of protective protein genes.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:149:\\\"Stressful stimuli directly bind to heat shock factor, leading to its activation and subsequent transcriptional induction of protective protein genes.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:205:\\\"Stressful stimuli promote the phosphorylation of heat shock factor, enabling its binding to heat shock response elements in the promoter regions of protective protein genes, initiating their transcription.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:133:\\\"Heat shock factor is constitutively active and requires no additional activation to induce transcription of protective protein genes.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 8\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Stressful stimuli trigger the release of heat shock proteins, which then bind to heat shock factor, inducing its activation and subsequent transcriptional induction of protective protein genes.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Stressful stimuli directly bind to heat shock factor, leading to its activation and subsequent transcriptional induction of protective protein genes.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Stressful stimuli promote the phosphorylation of heat shock factor, enabling its binding to heat shock response elements in the promoter regions of protective protein genes, initiating their transcription.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Heat shock factor is constitutively active and requires no additional activation to induce transcription of protective protein genes.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"123\":{\"question_id\":\"123\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following cannot cross the cell membrane to facilitate regulation of transcription factors?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:8:\\\"Cortisol\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:9:\\\"Thyroxine\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:12:\\\"Nitric oxide\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:17:\\\"None of the above\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 9\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Cortisol\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Thyroxine\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Nitric oxide\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"None of the above\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"124\":{\"question_id\":\"124\",\"quiz_id\":\"10\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following is incorrect about the mechanisms used by cytokines to activate transcription factors?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:207:\\\"Cytokines act via binding to specific receptors which span the cell membrane, which produces a signal which is transmitted to a JAK protein which is associated with the intracellular region of the receptor. \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:175:\\\"Cytokines bind to specific tyrosine residues on the STAT transcription factors, triggering a signaling cascade that activates the JAK protein and enhances its kinase activity.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:113:\\\"Cytokine binding to its receptor leads to phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues on STAT transcription factors.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:127:\\\"Multiple pathways, such as the NF-\\u03baB and MAPK pathways can be activated by cytokines to regulate transcription factor activity\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:11:\\\"Question 10\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Cytokines act via binding to specific receptors which span the cell membrane, which produces a signal which is transmitted to a JAK protein which is associated with the intracellular region of the receptor. \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Cytokines bind to specific tyrosine residues on the STAT transcription factors, triggering a signaling cascade that activates the JAK protein and enhances its kinase activity.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Cytokine binding to its receptor leads to phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues on STAT transcription factors.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Multiple pathways, such as the NF-\\u03baB and MAPK pathways can be activated by cytokines to regulate transcription factor activity\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-10 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm10\" id=\"quizForm10\" action=\"\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/92\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_10\" value=\"f38391c763\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_10\" value=\"69e9d0c2ddf16\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-115 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following options accurately describes the post-translational activation of transcription factors in gene regulation?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPhosphorylation by kinases leads to their activation, allowing binding to DNA and subsequent recruitment of co-activators.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tUbiquitination enhances their stability and nuclear localization, enabling efficient DNA binding and initiation of transcription.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAcetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) facilitates their interaction with chromatin, promoting gene expression.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question115-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question115_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tGlycosylation of transcription factors in the cytoplasm allows their translocation to the nucleus, where they initiate transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question115_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question115\" id=\"question115_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_115\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-116 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following mechanisms is involved in the regulation of transcription factor activity?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question116-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question116_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDNA methylation-induced repression\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question116-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question116_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tChromatin remodeling\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question116-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question116_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAlternative splicing\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question116-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question116_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question116_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question116\" id=\"question116_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_116\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-117 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following options accurately describes the protein-ligand interaction involved in the activation of the yeast ACE1 factor?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question117-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question117_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tACE1 is constitutively active and does not require any specific protein-ligand interaction for the induction of the metallothionein gene in response to copper.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question117-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question117_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tACE1 forms a complex with a copper-responsive transcription factor, enabling binding to specific DNA sequences and facilitating the transcriptional activation of the metallothionein gene.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question117-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question117_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tACE1 is activated by binding to copper ions, which induces conformational changes in the protein, allowing it to bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the transcription of the metallothionein gene.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question117-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question117_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tACE1 is activated by phosphorylation in response to copper exposure, enhancing its DNA binding affinity and promoting the recruitment of co-activators for the induction of the metallothionein gene.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question117_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question117\" id=\"question117_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_117\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-118 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is NOT an example of a ligand which activates transcription factors?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question118-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question118_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRetionic acid\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question118-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question118_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSteriod hormones\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question118-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question118_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tYap 1 factor\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question118-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question118_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFibroblast growth factor\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question118_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question118\" id=\"question118_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_118\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-119 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Complete the sentence: The binding of glucocorticoid to the glucocorticoid receptor_____\\&#8221;\\&#8221;<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question119-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question119_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStabilizes the receptor-HSP90 complex, preventing its translocation to the nucleus and suppressing the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question119-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question119_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLeads to its dissociation from HSP90, allowing the hormone-receptor complex to translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question119-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question119_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tInduces the degradation of HSP90, preventing the movement of the hormone-receptor complex to the nucleus and leading to the downregulation of glucocorticoid-responsive gene transcription.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question119-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question119_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHas no effect on its interaction with HSP90, and the hormone-receptor complex remains in the cytoplasm, resulting in the inhibition of glucocorticoid-responsive gene transcription.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question119_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question119\" id=\"question119_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_119\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-120 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following best describes the role of the glucocorticoid receptor in transcriptional regulation?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt exhibits a bifunctional role in transcription, leading to both positive and negative effects depending on the target gene and cellular context.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt exclusively promotes positive effects on transcription, enhancing gene expression in all target genes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt solely exerts negative effects on transcription, suppressing gene expression in all target genes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question120-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question120_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt primarily influences transcription indirectly by regulating post-transcriptional processes, such as mRNA stability and translation.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question120_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question120\" id=\"question120_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_120\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-121 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is a mechanism by which the glucocorticoid receptor factilitates transcriptional repression?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt blocks the binding of a transcriptional activator\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt competes with other activators for a co-activator\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt inhibits transcriptional elongation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question121-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question121_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question121_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question121\" id=\"question121_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_121\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-122 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Choose which mechanism best describes the activation of heat shock factor (HSF) and subsequent induction of transcription for genes encoding protective proteins in response to stressful stimuli. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStressful stimuli trigger the release of heat shock proteins, which then bind to heat shock factor, inducing its activation and subsequent transcriptional induction of protective protein genes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStressful stimuli directly bind to heat shock factor, leading to its activation and subsequent transcriptional induction of protective protein genes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStressful stimuli promote the phosphorylation of heat shock factor, enabling its binding to heat shock response elements in the promoter regions of protective protein genes, initiating their transcription.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question122-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question122_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHeat shock factor is constitutively active and requires no additional activation to induce transcription of protective protein genes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question122_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question122\" id=\"question122_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_122\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-123 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following cannot cross the cell membrane to facilitate regulation of transcription factors?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCortisol\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThyroxine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNitric oxide\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question123-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question123_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNone of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question123_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question123\" id=\"question123_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_123\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-124 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is incorrect about the mechanisms used by cytokines to activate transcription factors?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCytokines act via binding to specific receptors which span the cell membrane, which produces a signal which is transmitted to a JAK protein which is associated with the intracellular region of the receptor.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCytokines bind to specific tyrosine residues on the STAT transcription factors, triggering a signaling cascade that activates the JAK protein and enhances its kinase activity.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCytokine binding to its receptor leads to phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues on STAT transcription factors.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question124-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question124_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMultiple pathways, such as the NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways can be activated by cytokines to regulate transcription factor activity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question124_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question124\" id=\"question124_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_124\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"115Q116Q117Q118Q119Q120Q121Q122Q123Q124Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\" id=\"aioseo-questions-for-discussion\">Questions for Discussion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Despite having identical receptors, different cells of a multicellular organism respond differently to the same signaling molecule. Discuss the molecular mechanisms that enable differential outcomes to the same signaling ligand.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signaling proteins can be activated through different mechanisms, including post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions. Discuss why phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play a prominent role in turning signaling proteins on and off as compared to other mechanisms, like small molecule binding via allosteric sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Explain how exposure to certain environmental stressors can create cellular memory to develop resistance or tolerance to that particular stress.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plants and animals independently evolved multicellularity. However, several signaling proteins and second messengers are conserved. Discuss the similarities and differences in signaling pathways between plants and animals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The AKT-mTOR pathway is central to bridging metabolism and gene expression. Discuss the role of this pathway in modifying chromatin structure to control gene expression in response to hyperglycemia.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>10.1 Regulation of transcription factor activity by ligands which enter the cell<\/summary>\n<p>Girgenti, M. J., Pothula, S., &amp; Newton, S. S. (2021). Stress and Its Impact on the Transcriptome. Biological Psychiatry, 90(2), 102\u2013108. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.12.011\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.12.011<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gomez-Pastor, R., Burchfiel, E. T., &amp; Thiele, D. J. (2018). Regulation of heat shock transcription factors and their roles in physiology and disease. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 19(1), 4\u201319. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm.2017.73\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm.2017.73<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hackley, R. K., &amp; Schmid, A. K. (2019). Global Transcriptional Programs in Archaea Share Features with the Eukaryotic Environmental Stress Response. Journal of Molecular Biology, 431(20), 4147\u20134166. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.07.029\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.07.029<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hern\u00e1ndez-Elvira, M., &amp; Sunnerhagen, P. (2022). Post-transcriptional regulation during stress. FEMS Yeast Research, 22(1), foac025. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsyr\/foac025\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsyr\/foac025<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Johnson, H. M., Noon-Song, E., &amp; Ahmed, C. M. (2019). Noncanonical IFN Signaling, Steroids, and STATs: A Probable Role of V-ATPase. Mediators of Inflammation, 2019, 4143604. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/4143604\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/4143604<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kainth, A. S., Chowdhary, S., Pincus, D., &amp; Gross, D. S. (2021). Primordial super-enhancers: Heat shock-induced chromatin organization in yeast. Trends in Cell Biology, 31(10), 801\u2013813. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2021.04.004\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2021.04.004<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kmiecik, S. W., &amp; Mayer, M. P. (2022). Molecular mechanisms of heat shock factor 1 regulation. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 47(3), 218\u2013234. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2021.10.004\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2021.10.004<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Liu, Z., Hu, Q., &amp; Rosenfeld, M. G. (2014). Complexity of the RAR-mediated transcriptional regulatory programs. Sub-Cellular Biochemistry, 70, 203\u2013225. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-9050-5_10\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-9050-5_10<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sedano, M. J., Harrison, A. L., Zilaie, M., Das, C., Choudhari, R., Ramos, E., &amp; Gadad, S. S. (2020). Emerging Roles of Estrogen-Regulated Enhancer and Long Non-Coding RNAs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(10), 3711. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21103711\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21103711<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>10.2 Regulation of transcription factor activity by phosphorylation induced by extracellular signaling molecules<\/summary>\n<p>Capece, D., Verzella, D., Flati, I., Arboretto, P., Cornice, J., &amp; Franzoso, G. (2022). NF-\u03baB: Blending metabolism, immunity, and inflammation. Trends in Immunology, 43(9), 757\u2013775. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2022.07.004\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2022.07.004<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cramer, P. (2019). Organization and regulation of gene transcription. Nature, 573(7772), 45\u201354. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1517-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1517-4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From genoprotection to rejuvenation\u2014PubMed. (n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2024, from <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33049666\/\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33049666\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Massagu\u00e9, J., &amp; Sheppard, D. (2023). TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health and disease. Cell, 186(19), 4007\u20134037. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.036\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2023.07.036<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nosella, M. L., &amp; Forman-Kay, J. D. (2021). Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of messenger RNA transcription, processing and translation within biomolecular condensates. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 69, 30\u201340. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceb.2020.12.007\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceb.2020.12.007<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Steven, A., Friedrich, M., Jank, P., Heimer, N., Budczies, J., Denkert, C., &amp; Seliger, B. (2020). What turns CREB on? And off? And why does it matter? Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS, 77(20), 4049\u20134067. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-020-03525-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-020-03525-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Williams, L. M., &amp; Gilmore, T. D. (2020). Looking Down on NF-\u03baB. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 40(15), e00104-20. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.00104-208.3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MCB.00104-208.3<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>10.3 Regulation of transcription factor activity by other post-translational modifications<\/summary>\n<p>Emanuele, M. J., Enrico, T. P., Mouery, R. D., Wasserman, D., Nachum, S., &amp; Tzur, A. (2020). Complex Cartography: Regulation of E2F Transcription Factors by Cyclin F and Ubiquitin. Trends in Cell Biology, 30(8), 640\u2013652. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.05.002\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.05.002<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fiorini, G., &amp; Schofield, C. J. (2024). Biochemistry of the hypoxia-inducible factor hydroxylases. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 79, 102428. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2024.102428\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2024.102428<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Goldman, N., Chandra, A., &amp; Vahedi, G. (2021). Transcription factors combine to paint the methylation landscape. Trends in Immunology, 42(12), 1060\u20131062. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2021.10.011\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2021.10.011<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mill\u00e1n-Zambrano, G., Burton, A., Bannister, A. J., &amp; Schneider, R. (2022). Histone post-translational modifications\u2014Cause and consequence of genome function. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 23(9), 563\u2013580. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-022-00468-7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-022-00468-7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pellegrino, N. E., Guven, A., Gray, K., Shah, P., Kasture, G., Nastke, M.-D., Thakurta, A., Gesta, S., Vishnudas, V. K., Narain, N. R., &amp; Kiebish, M. A. (2022). The Next Frontier: Translational Development of Ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation in Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(7), 3480. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23073480\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23073480<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Squair, D. R., &amp; Virdee, S. (2022). A new dawn beyond lysine ubiquitination. Nature Chemical Biology, 18(8), 802\u2013811. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41589-022-01088-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41589-022-01088-2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Talamillo, A., Barroso-Gomila, O., Giordano, I., Ajuria, L., Grillo, M., Mayor, U., &amp; Barrio, R. (2020). The role of SUMOylation during development. Biochemical Society Transactions, 48(2), 463\u2013478. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST201903908.4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST201903908.4<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>10.4 Regulation of transcription factor activity by signals which regulate precursor processing<\/summary>\n<p>Ingham, P. W. (2022). Hedgehog signaling. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 149, 1\u201358. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2022.04.003\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2022.04.003<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McIntyre, B., Asahara, T., &amp; Alev, C. (2020). Overview of Basic Mechanisms of Notch Signaling in Development and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1227, 9\u201327. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-36422-9_2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-36422-9_2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sprinzak, D., &amp; Blacklow, S. C. (2021). Biophysics of Notch Signaling. Annual Review of Biophysics, 50(1), 157\u2013189. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biophys-101920-082204\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biophys-101920-082204<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Walton, K. D., &amp; Gumucio, D. L. (2021). Hedgehog Signaling in Intestinal Development and Homeostasis. Annual Review of Physiology, 83, 359\u2013380. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-physiol-031620-094324\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-physiol-031620-094324<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>10.5 Regulation of histone modification and chromatin structure by cellular signaling pathways<\/summary>\n<p>Dupont, S., &amp; Wickstr\u00f6m, S. A. (2022). Mechanical regulation of chromatin and transcription. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 23(10), 624\u2013643. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-022-00493-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-022-00493-6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gapa, L., Alfardus, H., &amp; Fischle, W. (2022). Unconventional metabolites in chromatin regulation. Bioscience Reports, 42(1), BSR20211558. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20211558\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20211558<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Morrison, A. J. (2020). Chromatin-remodeling links metabolic signaling to gene expression. Molecular Metabolism, 38, 100973. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.100973\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.100973<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Villase\u00f1or, R., &amp; Baubec, T. (2021). Regulatory mechanisms governing chromatin organization and function. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 70, 10\u201317. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceb.2020.10.015\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceb.2020.10.015<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>10.6 Regulation of post-transcriptional processes by cellular signaling pathways<\/summary>\n<p>Angarola, B. L., &amp; Anczuk\u00f3w, O. (2021). Splicing alterations in healthy aging and disease. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA, 12(4), e1643. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrna.1643\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrna.1643<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bushell M, Stoneley M, Spriggs K.A. &amp; Willis A.E. (2008) SF2\/ASF TORCs up translation. Mol Cell 30:262\u2013263.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carpenter, S., Ricci, E. P., Mercier, B. C., Moore, M. J., &amp; Fitzgerald, K. A. (2014). Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in innate immunity. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 14(6), 361\u2013376. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3682\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3682<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a>Horman <a><\/a>S.R., <a><\/a>Janas <a><\/a>M.M., <a><\/a>Litterst <a><\/a>C <a><\/a>et al. (<a><\/a>2013) <a><\/a>Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Argonaute 2 downregulates cleavage and upregulates translational repression of microRNA targets. <a><\/a>Mol Cell <a><\/a>50:<a><\/a>356\u2013367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a>Shimobayashi <a><\/a>M &amp; <a><\/a>Hall <a><\/a>M.N. (<a><\/a>2014) <a><\/a>Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk. <a><\/a>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol <a><\/a>15:<a><\/a>155\u2013162.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-fe9cc265 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\">Multiple-choice questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-questions-for-discussion\">Questions for Discussion<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-chapter","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-92","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/92","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=92"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}