{"id":89,"date":"2025-01-15T14:51:45","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T14:51:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/?post_type=content&#038;p=89"},"modified":"2025-02-12T08:25:53","modified_gmt":"2025-02-12T08:25:53","slug":"chapter-8-post-transcriptional-processes","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/student-resources\/chapter-8-post-transcriptional-processes\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 8: Post-Transcriptional Processes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the transcription of DNA into RNA represents the first stage in the process of gene expression (Chapters 2 and 6) and is the major control point regulating which genes are expressed (Chapters 3 and 7). However, in eukaryotes, the process of transcription is supplemented by a series of post-transcriptional events that are necessary to produce a functional mRNA that is able to be translated into protein ( Figure 8.1 ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">Multiple-choice questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"8\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"quiz_name\":\"chapter8\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"8\",\"pagekey\":\"nY9xakeu\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":0,\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":1,\"section_comments\":\"\",\"total_questions\":10,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\"},\"question_list\":{\"95\":{\"question_id\":\"95\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Choose the best options which complete the following statement: While transcription is still proceeding\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:20:\\\"adenosine, guanosine\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:20:\\\"guanosine, adenosine\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:20:\\\"guanosine, thymidine\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:19:\\\"adenosine, cytosine\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:16:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";N;s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 1\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"adenosine, guanosine\",0,0],[\"guanosine, adenosine\",0,1],[\"guanosine, thymidine\",0,0],[\"adenosine, cytosine\",0,0]]},\"96\":{\"question_id\":\"96\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"The role of RNA splicing in post-transcriptional processing of mRNA is\\u2026.\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:75:\\\"To remove introns and joins exons together to form a mature mRNA molecule. \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:57:\\\"To add a poly-A tail to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule. \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:51:\\\"To modify the 5' cap structure of the mRNA molecule\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:67:\\\"To facilitate the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 2\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"To remove introns and joins exons together to form a mature mRNA molecule. \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"To add a poly-A tail to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule. \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"To modify the 5' cap structure of the mRNA molecule\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"To facilitate the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"97\":{\"question_id\":\"97\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following statements is false?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:45:\\\"Prokaryotic mRNAs are generally polycistronic\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:45:\\\"Eukaryotic mRNAs are generally monocistronic \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:56:\\\"Capping occurs only in prokaryotes and not in eukaryotes\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:17:\\\"None of the 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3\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Prokaryotic mRNAs are generally polycistronic\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Eukaryotic mRNAs are generally monocistronic \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Capping occurs only in prokaryotes and not in eukaryotes\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"None of the above\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"98\":{\"question_id\":\"98\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following statements about Kozak\\\\'s rules and the Kozak sequence is correct?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:114:\\\"The Kozak sequence is a consensus sequence located adjacent to the start codon (AUG) in prokaryotic mRNA molecules\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:91:\\\"The optimal Kozak sequence is usually GCCRCCAUGG, where R represents a purine base (A or G)\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:98:\\\"The Kozak sequence consists of the bases at positions +3 and -4 relative to the start codon (AUG).\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:54:\\\"The key residues of the Kozak sequence are 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4\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"The Kozak sequence is a consensus sequence located adjacent to the start codon (AUG) in prokaryotic mRNA molecules\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The optimal Kozak sequence is usually GCCRCCAUGG, where R represents a purine base (A or G)\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The Kozak sequence consists of the bases at positions +3 and -4 relative to the start codon (AUG).\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The key residues of the Kozak sequence are pyrimidines\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"99\":{\"question_id\":\"99\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Polyadenylation\\u2026...\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:164:\\\"Occurs during transcription and involves the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule, which enhances mRNA stability and translation efficiency\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:233:\\\"Is a post-transcriptional process that involves the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule, which enhances mRNA stability, nuclear export, translation efficiency, and is important for gene expression regulation\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:156:\\\"Occurs during translation and involves the removal of the poly(A) tail from the mRNA molecule, which promotes mRNA degradation and regulates gene expression\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:129:\\\"Is a process that occurs in prokaryotic organisms but not in eukaryotic organisms, and it is not significant for gene expression.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 5\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Occurs during transcription and involves the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 5' end of the mRNA molecule, which enhances mRNA stability and translation efficiency\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Is a post-transcriptional process that involves the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of the mRNA molecule, which enhances mRNA stability, nuclear export, translation efficiency, and is important for gene expression regulation\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Occurs during translation and involves the removal of the poly(A) tail from the mRNA molecule, which promotes mRNA degradation and regulates gene expression\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Is a process that occurs in prokaryotic organisms but not in eukaryotic organisms, and it is not significant for gene expression.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"100\":{\"question_id\":\"100\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"How are the mRNAs encoding the histone molecules which play a critical role in chromatin structure protected from degradation?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:58:\\\"It folds itself into a single stranded stem-loop structure\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:42:\\\"The 3\\u2032 end of the mRNA is 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6\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"It folds itself into a single stranded stem-loop structure\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The 3\\u2032 end of the mRNA is polyadenylated\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The 5' end od the mRNA is capped\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"It folds itself into a double-stranded stem-loop structure \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"101\":{\"question_id\":\"101\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"What is a lariat structure?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:150:\\\"A loop-like RNA structure that forms during RNA splicing when the 5' end of an intron is covalently attached to an adenosine residue within the intron\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:79:\\\"A specific type of RNA structure that forms during the process of transcription\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:70:\\\"A large complex of proteins and small nuclear RNA molecules (snRNAs). \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:56:\\\"A ladder like structure which facilitates RNA  splicing \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 7\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"A loop-like RNA structure that forms during RNA splicing when the 5' end of an intron is covalently attached to an adenosine residue within the intron\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"A specific type of RNA structure that forms during the process of transcription\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"A large complex of proteins and small nuclear RNA molecules (snRNAs). \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"A ladder like structure which facilitates RNA  splicing \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"102\":{\"question_id\":\"102\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following statements about small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) is incorrect? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:167:\\\"They play a crucial role in recognizing specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns in pre-mRNA molecules. These sequences are known as splice sites\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:75:\\\"There are several types of snRNPs, each containing a unique snRNA molecule.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:298:\\\"The snRNA molecules within the snRNPs are responsible for base-pairing interactions with the pre-mRNA molecule, specifically with the splice sites. These interactions help to define the boundaries of the introns and guide the splicing machinery to accurately remove the exons and join the introns. \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:129:\\\"The major snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs. Each snRNP is named after its associated snRNA molecule.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 8\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"They play a crucial role in recognizing specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns in pre-mRNA molecules. These sequences are known as splice sites\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"There are several types of snRNPs, each containing a unique snRNA molecule.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The snRNA molecules within the snRNPs are responsible for base-pairing interactions with the pre-mRNA molecule, specifically with the splice sites. These interactions help to define the boundaries of the introns and guide the splicing machinery to accurately remove the exons and join the introns. \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The major snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs. Each snRNP is named after its associated snRNA molecule.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"103\":{\"question_id\":\"103\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following is NOT a step in process of joining upstream and downstream exons together?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:116:\\\"The spliceosome recognizes specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns in the pre-mRNA molecule. \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:130:\\\"The free 5' and 3' introns are ligated together, joining the upstream and downstream introns and forming the mature mRNA molecule.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:204:\\\"The spliceosome complex is formed by the association of the U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs with the pre-mRNA molecule. This complex brings the splice sites into close proximity, positioning the exons for splicing.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:144:\\\"The 3' end of the intron is cleaved at the 3' splice site, resulting in the release of the lariat structure and the formation of a free 3' exon.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 9\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"The spliceosome recognizes specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns in the pre-mRNA molecule. \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The free 5' and 3' introns are ligated together, joining the upstream and downstream introns and forming the mature mRNA molecule.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The spliceosome complex is formed by the association of the U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs with the pre-mRNA molecule. This complex brings the splice sites into close proximity, positioning the exons for splicing.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The 3' end of the intron is cleaved at the 3' splice site, resulting in the release of the lariat structure and the formation of a free 3' exon.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"104\":{\"question_id\":\"104\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following statements best describes the role of SR proteins?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:47:\\\"SR proteins recruit snRNPs  to the splice sites\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:76:\\\"They bind to specific RNA sequences, known special splicing enhancers (SSEs)\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:149:\\\"They can enhance the inclusion of specific introns or promote intron skipping, depending on the context and the specific regulatory factors involved.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:172:\\\"They are involved in the regulation of alternative splicing, a process by which different combinations of exons can be included or excluded from the final mRNA transcript. \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:11:\\\"Question 10\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"SR proteins recruit snRNPs  to the splice sites\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"They bind to specific RNA sequences, known special splicing enhancers (SSEs)\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"They can enhance the inclusion of specific introns or promote intron skipping, depending on the context and the specific regulatory factors involved.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"They are involved in the regulation of alternative splicing, a process by which different combinations of exons can be included or excluded from the final mRNA transcript. \",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-8 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm8\" id=\"quizForm8\" action=\"\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/89\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_8\" value=\"854f10d187\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_8\" value=\"69e9ddeea962b\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-95 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Choose the best options which complete the following statement: While transcription is still proceeding<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question95-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question95\" id=\"question95_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question95_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tadenosine, guanosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question95-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question95\" id=\"question95_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question95_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tguanosine, adenosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question95-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question95\" id=\"question95_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question95_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tguanosine, thymidine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question95-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question95\" id=\"question95_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question95_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tadenosine, cytosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question95_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question95\" id=\"question95_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_95\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-96 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The role of RNA splicing in post-transcriptional processing of mRNA is\u2026.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question96-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question96\" id=\"question96_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question96_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo remove introns and joins exons together to form a mature mRNA molecule.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question96-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question96\" id=\"question96_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question96_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo add a poly-A tail to the 3&#8242; end of the mRNA molecule.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question96-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question96\" id=\"question96_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question96_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo modify the 5&#8242; cap structure of the mRNA molecule\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question96-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question96\" id=\"question96_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question96_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo facilitate the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question96_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question96\" id=\"question96_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_96\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-97 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following statements is false?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question97-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question97\" id=\"question97_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question97_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tProkaryotic mRNAs are generally polycistronic\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question97-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question97\" id=\"question97_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question97_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEukaryotic mRNAs are generally monocistronic\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question97-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question97\" id=\"question97_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question97_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCapping occurs only in prokaryotes and not in eukaryotes\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question97-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question97\" id=\"question97_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question97_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNone of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question97_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question97\" id=\"question97_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_97\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-98 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following statements about Kozak\\&#8217;s rules and the Kozak sequence is correct?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question98-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question98\" id=\"question98_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question98_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Kozak sequence is a consensus sequence located adjacent to the start codon (AUG) in prokaryotic mRNA molecules\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question98-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question98\" id=\"question98_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question98_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe optimal Kozak sequence is usually GCCRCCAUGG, where R represents a purine base (A or G)\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question98-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question98\" id=\"question98_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question98_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Kozak sequence consists of the bases at positions +3 and -4 relative to the start codon (AUG).\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question98-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question98\" id=\"question98_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question98_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe key residues of the Kozak sequence are pyrimidines\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question98_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question98\" id=\"question98_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_98\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-99 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Polyadenylation\u2026&#8230;<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question99-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question99\" id=\"question99_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question99_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tOccurs during transcription and involves the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 5&#8242; end of the mRNA molecule, which enhances mRNA stability and translation efficiency\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question99-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question99\" id=\"question99_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question99_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIs a post-transcriptional process that involves the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3&#8242; end of the mRNA molecule, which enhances mRNA stability, nuclear export, translation efficiency, and is important for gene expression regulation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question99-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question99\" id=\"question99_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question99_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tOccurs during translation and involves the removal of the poly(A) tail from the mRNA molecule, which promotes mRNA degradation and regulates gene expression\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question99-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question99\" id=\"question99_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question99_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIs a process that occurs in prokaryotic organisms but not in eukaryotic organisms, and it is not significant for gene expression.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question99_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question99\" id=\"question99_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_99\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-100 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>How are the mRNAs encoding the histone molecules which play a critical role in chromatin structure protected from degradation?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question100-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question100\" id=\"question100_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question100_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt folds itself into a single stranded stem-loop structure\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question100-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question100\" id=\"question100_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question100_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe 3\u2032 end of the mRNA is polyadenylated\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question100-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question100\" id=\"question100_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question100_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe 5&#8242; end od the mRNA is capped\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question100-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question100\" id=\"question100_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question100_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt folds itself into a double-stranded stem-loop structure\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question100_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question100\" id=\"question100_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_100\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-101 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What is a lariat structure?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question101-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question101\" id=\"question101_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question101_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA loop-like RNA structure that forms during RNA splicing when the 5&#8242; end of an intron is covalently attached to an adenosine residue within the intron\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question101-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question101\" id=\"question101_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question101_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA specific type of RNA structure that forms during the process of transcription\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question101-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question101\" id=\"question101_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question101_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA large complex of proteins and small nuclear RNA molecules (snRNAs).\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question101-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question101\" id=\"question101_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question101_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA ladder like structure which facilitates RNA  splicing\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question101_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question101\" id=\"question101_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_101\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-102 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following statements about small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) is incorrect? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question102-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question102\" id=\"question102_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question102_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThey play a crucial role in recognizing specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns in pre-mRNA molecules. These sequences are known as splice sites\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question102-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question102\" id=\"question102_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question102_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThere are several types of snRNPs, each containing a unique snRNA molecule.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question102-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question102\" id=\"question102_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question102_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe snRNA molecules within the snRNPs are responsible for base-pairing interactions with the pre-mRNA molecule, specifically with the splice sites. These interactions help to define the boundaries of the introns and guide the splicing machinery to accurately remove the exons and join the introns.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question102-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question102\" id=\"question102_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question102_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe major snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs. Each snRNP is named after its associated snRNA molecule.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question102_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question102\" id=\"question102_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_102\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-103 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is NOT a step in process of joining upstream and downstream exons together?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question103-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question103\" id=\"question103_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question103_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe spliceosome recognizes specific sequences at the boundaries between exons and introns in the pre-mRNA molecule.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question103-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question103\" id=\"question103_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question103_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe free 5&#8242; and 3&#8242; introns are ligated together, joining the upstream and downstream introns and forming the mature mRNA molecule.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question103-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question103\" id=\"question103_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question103_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe spliceosome complex is formed by the association of the U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs with the pre-mRNA molecule. This complex brings the splice sites into close proximity, positioning the exons for splicing.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question103-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question103\" id=\"question103_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question103_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe 3&#8242; end of the intron is cleaved at the 3&#8242; splice site, resulting in the release of the lariat structure and the formation of a free 3&#8242; exon.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question103_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question103\" id=\"question103_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_103\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-104 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following statements best describes the role of SR proteins?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question104-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question104\" id=\"question104_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question104_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSR proteins recruit snRNPs  to the splice sites\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question104-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question104\" id=\"question104_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question104_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThey bind to specific RNA sequences, known special splicing enhancers (SSEs)\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question104-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question104\" id=\"question104_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question104_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThey can enhance the inclusion of specific introns or promote intron skipping, depending on the context and the specific regulatory factors involved.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question104-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question104\" id=\"question104_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question104_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThey are involved in the regulation of alternative splicing, a process by which different combinations of exons can be included or excluded from the final mRNA transcript.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question104_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question104\" id=\"question104_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_104\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"95Q96Q97Q98Q99Q100Q101Q102Q103Q104Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\" id=\"aioseo-questions-for-discussion\">Questions for Discussion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Eukaryotic genes often have numerous exons, and accurate splicing relies on the ligation of adjacent exons. Failure of ligating neighboring exons results in exon skipping, which is very rare, despite the similarity of 5\u02b9 and 3\u02b9 splice sites. Elaborate the molecular mechanism through which adjacent exons are kept track of and spliced together.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RNA is a highly unstable molecule and various mechanisms were evolved to regulate its stability. Discuss the process by which the stability of mRNA encoding SPIKE protein in mRNA vaccines was increased.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The discovery of chemical modifications on mRNA has demonstrated a significant influence on transcription and translation processes, which can affect gene regulation through epigenetic mechanisms. With this in mind, discuss the potential epigenetic impact of mRNA vaccines and the means to minimize it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains information to code for proteins, and the DNA polymerase enzyme responsible for replicating DNA is itself a protein. This creates a conundrum regarding their interdependence and which came first &#8211; DNA or protein? Apply what you&#8217;ve learned in this chapter to solve this puzzle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The genetic code has a fascinating aspect in that amino acids with comparable properties frequently have comparable codons. For example, codons including U or C as the second nucleotide generally specify hydrophobic amino acids. Can you propose a hypothesis to explain this occurrence about the early evolution of the protein synthesis process?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>8.1 Capping<\/summary>\n<p>Borden, K., Culjkovic-Kraljacic, B., &amp; Cowling, V. H. (2021). To cap it all off, again: Dynamic capping and recapping of coding and non-coding RNAs to control transcript fate and biological activity. Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), 20(14), 1347\u20131360. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15384101.2021.1930929\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15384101.2021.1930929<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Doamekpor, S. K., Sharma, S., Kiledjian, M., &amp; Tong, L. (2022). Recent insights into noncanonical 5\u2019 capping and decapping of RNA. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 298(8), 102171. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102171\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102171<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kachaev, Z. M., Lebedeva, L. A., Kozlov, E. N., &amp; Shidlovskii, Y. V. (2020). Interplay of mRNA capping and transcription machineries. Bioscience Reports, 40(1), BSR20192825. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20192825\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20192825<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a>Kozak <a><\/a>M (<a><\/a>1986) <a><\/a>Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. <a><\/a>Cell <a><\/a>44:<a><\/a>283\u2013292.<a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>8.2 Polyadenylation<\/summary>\n<p>Blake, D., &amp; Lynch, K. W. (2021). The three as: Alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and their impact on apoptosis in immune function. Immunological Reviews, 304(1), 30\u201350. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.13018\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.13018<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mitschka, S., &amp; Mayr, C. (2022). Context-specific regulation and function of mRNA alternative polyadenylation. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 23(12), 779\u2013796. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-022-00507-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-022-00507-5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rodr\u00edguez-Molina, J. B., &amp; Turtola, M. (2023). Birth of a poly(A) tail: Mechanisms and control of mRNA polyadenylation. FEBS Open Bio, 13(7), 1140\u20131153. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13528\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.13528<\/a> Struhl, K. (2023). How is polyadenylation restricted to 3\u2019-untranslated regions? Yeast (Chichester, England). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yea.39156.3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yea.39156.3<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>8.3 RNA splicing<\/summary>\n<p>Azubel M, Wolf S.G., Sperling J &amp; Sperling R (2004) Three-dimensional structure of the native spliceosome by cryo-electron microscopy. Mol Cell 15:833\u2013839.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Black, C. S., Whelan, T. A., Garside, E. L., MacMillan, A. M., Fast, N. M., &amp; Rader, S. D. (2023). Spliceosome assembly and regulation: Insights from analysis of highly reduced spliceosomes. RNA (New York, N.Y.), 29(5), 531\u2013550. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1261\/rna.079273.122\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1261\/rna.079273.122<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De Bortoli, F., Espinosa, S., &amp; Zhao, R. (2021). DEAH-Box RNA Helicases in Pre-mRNA Splicing. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 46(3), 225\u2013238. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2020.10.006\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tibs.2020.10.006<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sharp P.A. (2005) The discovery of split genes and RNA splicing. Trends Biochem Sci 30:279\u2013281.Stark H &amp; Luhrmann R (2006) Cryo-electron microscopy of spliceosomal components. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 35:435\u2013457.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tholen, J., &amp; Galej, W. P. (2022). Structural studies of the spliceosome: Bridging the gaps. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 77, 102461. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbi.2022.102461\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbi.2022.102461<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wright, C. J., Smith, C. W. J., &amp; Jiggins, C. D. (2022). Alternative splicing as a source of phenotypic diversity. Nature Reviews. Genetics, 23(11), 697\u2013710. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-022-00514-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41576-022-00514-4<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>8.4 Coupling of transcription and RNA processing within the nucleus<\/summary>\n<p>Bentley D.L. (2014) Coupling mRNA processing with transcription in time and space. Nat Rev Genet 15:163\u2013175.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Garland, W., &amp; Jensen, T. H. (2020). Nuclear sorting of RNA. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA, 11(2), e1572. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrna.1572\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrna.1572<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hsi J-P &amp; Manley J.L. (2012) The RNA polymerase II CTD co-ordinates transcription and RNA processing. Genes Dev 26:2119\u20132137.Kan, R. L., Chen, J., &amp; Sallam, T. (2022). Crosstalk between epitranscriptomic and epigenetic mechanisms in gene regulation. Trends in Genetics: TIG, 38(2), 182\u2013193. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tig.2021.06.014\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tig.2021.06.014<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lee, K.-M., &amp; Tarn, W.-Y. (2013). Coupling pre-mRNA processing to transcription on the RNA factory assembly line. RNA Biology, 10(3), 380\u2013390. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/rna.23697\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/rna.23697<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Manley, J. L. (2002). Nuclear coupling: RNA processing reaches back to transcription. Nature Structural Biology, 9(11), 790\u2013791. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nsb1102-790\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nsb1102-790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tellier, M., Maudlin, I., &amp; Murphy, S. (2020). Transcription and splicing: A two-way street. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA, 11(5), e1593. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrna.1593\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wrna.1593<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vorl\u00e4nder, M. K., Pacheco-Fiallos, B., &amp; Plaschka, C. (2022). Structural basis of mRNA maturation: Time to put it together. Current Opinion in Structural Biology, 75, 102431. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbi.2022.102431\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbi.2022.102431<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>8.5 RNA transport<\/summary>\n<p>Basyuk, E., Rage, F., &amp; Bertrand, E. (2021). RNA transport from transcription to localized translation: A single molecule perspective. RNA Biology, 18(9), 1221\u20131237. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15476286.2020.1842631\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15476286.2020.1842631<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Das, S., Vera, M., Gandin, V., Singer, R. H., &amp; Tutucci, E. (2021). Intracellular mRNA transport and localized translation. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 22(7), 483\u2013504. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00356-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00356-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De Magistris, P. (2021). The Great Escape: mRNA Export through the Nuclear Pore Complex. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(21), 11767. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111767\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111767<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a>Stewart <a><\/a>M (<a><\/a>2010) <a><\/a>Nuclear export of mRNA. <a><\/a>Trends Biochem Sci <a><\/a>35:<a><\/a>609\u2013614.<a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>8.6 Translation<\/summary>\n<p>Andreev, D. E., Loughran, G., Fedorova, A. D., Mikhaylova, M. S., Shatsky, I. N., &amp; Baranov, P. V. (2022). Non-AUG translation initiation in mammals. Genome Biology, 23(1), 111. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-022-02674-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-022-02674-2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ben-Shem A, de Loubresse N.G., Melnikov S et al. (2011) The structure of the eukaryotic ribosome at 3.0\u00c5 resolution. Science 334:1524\u20131529.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bourke, A. M., Schwarz, A., &amp; Schuman, E. M. (2023). De-centralizing the Central Dogma: mRNA translation in space and time. Molecular Cell, 83(3), 452\u2013468. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.12.030\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.12.030<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Farache, D., Antine, S. P., &amp; Lee, A. S. Y. (2022). Moonlighting translation factors: Multifunctionality drives diverse gene regulation. Trends in Cell Biology, 32(9), 762\u2013772. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.03.006\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.03.006<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Guo, X., &amp; Su, M. (2022). The Origin of Translation: Bridging the Nucleotides and Peptides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 197. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010197\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010197<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Schmeing T.M. &amp; Ramakrishnan V (2009) What recent ribosome structures have revealed about the mechanism of translation. Nature 461:1234\u20131242.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wu, Q., &amp; Bazzini, A. A. (2023). Translation and mRNA Stability Control. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 92, 227\u2013245. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biochem-052621-091808\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biochem-052621-091808<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anger <a><\/a>A.M., <a><\/a>Armache <a><\/a>J.P., <a><\/a>Berninghausen <a><\/a>O <a><\/a>et al. (<a><\/a>2013) <a><\/a>Structures of the human and <a><\/a><em>Drosophila<\/em> 90S ribosome. <a><\/a>Nature <a><\/a>497:<a><\/a>80\u201385.<a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>8.7 RNA degradation<\/summary>\n<p>Bae, H., &amp; Coller, J. (2022). Codon optimality-mediated mRNA degradation: Linking translational elongation to mRNA stability. Molecular Cell, 82(8), 1467\u20131476. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.03.032\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.03.032<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Frederick, M. I., &amp; Heinemann, I. U. (2021). Regulation of RNA stability at the 3\u2019 end. Biological Chemistry, 402(4), 425\u2013431. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hsz-2020-0325\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hsz-2020-0325<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Passmore, L. A., &amp; Coller, J. (2022). Roles of mRNA poly(A) tails in regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 23(2), 93\u2013106. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00417-y\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00417-y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Riggs, C. L., Kedersha, N., Ivanov, P., &amp; Anderson, P. (2020). Mammalian stress granules and P bodies at a glance. Journal of Cell Science, 133(16), jcs242487. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.242487\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.242487<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tan, K., Stupack, D. G., &amp; Wilkinson, M. F. (2022). Nonsense-mediated RNA decay: An emerging modulator of malignancy. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 22(8), 437\u2013451. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-022-00481-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-022-00481-2<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-fe9cc265 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\">Multiple-choice questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-questions-for-discussion\">Questions for Discussion<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-chapter","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-89","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/89","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}