{"id":72,"date":"2024-03-26T14:26:43","date_gmt":"2024-03-26T14:26:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/evaluatingresearch\/?post_type=content&#038;p=72"},"modified":"2024-03-27T08:19:30","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T08:19:30","slug":"chapter-14-evaluating-systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses-towards-evidence-based-practice","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/evaluatingresearch\/student-resources\/chapter-14-evaluating-systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses-towards-evidence-based-practice\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 14 &#8211; Evaluating Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: Towards Evidence-Based Practice"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n<section id=\"section-block--block_2f2ea88b194c3debefdcf9fd141bf721\" class=\"section-block\" style=\"background-color:#e0dbcf; padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);\" class=\"align wp-block-acf-block-json-section has-background\">\n    <div class=\"container-fluid\">\n        <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tHome\n<\/span><\/div>\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-post-title\" id=\"anchor-1-chapter-14-evaluating-systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses-towards-evidence-based-practice\">Chapter 14 &#8211; Evaluating Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: Towards Evidence-Based Practice<\/h1>\n\n\n<p>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have become increasingly popular in social and behavioral sciences. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses synthesize information from multiple empirical studies on a specific topic and build an evidence base to inform policy and practice. This chapter explains the main elements of the process for conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses through evaluation questions and examples: from a clear formulation of the research question to the systematic search criteria and data extraction, to how heterogeneity and biases among the selected studies are handled by researchers, to assessing the clarity of explanations and descriptions of study limitations provided by the authors. Special attention is paid to the usefulness of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and their implications for policy and practice. End-of-chapter exercises reinforce the knowledge and skills developed through the chapter material.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section id=\"section-block--block_36000c846439df8e4465aa3737ec2069\" class=\"section-block has-background has-white-background-color\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);\" class=\"align wp-block-acf-block-json-section has-background has-white-background-color\">\n    <div class=\"container-fluid\">\n        <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anchor-2-multiple-choice-questions\">Multiple Choice Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"14\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 14\",\"disable_answer\":\"0\",\"ajax_show_correct\":\"0\",\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"2\":{\"id\":\"2\",\"quizID\":\"14\",\"pagekey\":\"Bd3jmaph\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":\"0\",\"timer_limit_val\":\"0\",\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":\"0\",\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"1\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":\"0\",\"enable_quick_result_mc\":\"0\",\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":\"0\",\"form_disable_autofill\":\"0\",\"disable_mathjax\":\"0\",\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":0,\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":\"0\",\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":\"1\",\"section_comments\":\"1\",\"total_questions\":10,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\"},\"question_list\":{\"150\":{\"question_id\":\"150\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:73:\\\"Databases are searched using a deliberate and structured search strategy.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:74:\\\"Every relevant study meeting specific pre-determined criteria is included.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:63:\\\"Included studies are systematically examined for their methods.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:58:\\\"Relevant implications for policy or practice are outlined.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:106:\\\"Which one of the following components is common between a systematic review and a regular empirical study?\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Databases are searched using a deliberate and structured search strategy.\",0,0],[\"Every relevant study meeting specific pre-determined criteria is included.\",0,0],[\"Included studies are systematically examined for their methods.\",0,0],[\"Relevant implications for policy or practice are outlined.\",0,1]]},\"151\":{\"question_id\":\"151\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:50:\\\"Structured approach towards searching for studies.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:66:\\\"Pre-determined set of criteria for including or excluding studies.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:48:\\\"Calculation of an average numerical effect size.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:50:\\\"Discussion of implications for policy or practice.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:90:\\\"All of the following features are common for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, EXCEPT:\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Structured approach towards searching for studies.\",0,0],[\"Pre-determined set of criteria for including or excluding studies.\",0,0],[\"Calculation of an average numerical effect size.\",0,1],[\"Discussion of implications for policy or practice.\",0,0]]},\"152\":{\"question_id\":\"152\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:68:\\\"The criteria for the search and selection of studies are too narrow.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:70:\\\"There have not been enough studies conducted on the topic of interest.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:66:\\\"The researchers have not used the right databases in their search.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:77:\\\"Too few studies used a strong methodology such as a true experimental 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EXCEPT:\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"The criteria for the search and selection of studies are too narrow.\",0,0],[\"There have not been enough studies conducted on the topic of interest.\",0,0],[\"The researchers have not used the right databases in their search.\",0,1],[\"Too few studies used a strong methodology such as a true experimental design.\",0,0]]},\"153\":{\"question_id\":\"153\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:113:\\\"One of the best ways to address heterogeneity in a meta-analysis is to analyze the included studies in subgroups.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:123:\\\"The most likely effect of biases on the study results is that they will underestimate the effectiveness of an intervention.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:98:\\\"Publication bias means that studies that have been published before are unlikely to be replicated.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:93:\\\"Self-selection bias is one of the most common biases in systematic reviews and 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CORRECT?\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"One of the best ways to address heterogeneity in a meta-analysis is to analyze the included studies in subgroups.\",0,1],[\"The most likely effect of biases on the study results is that they will underestimate the effectiveness of an intervention.\",0,0],[\"Publication bias means that studies that have been published before are unlikely to be replicated.\",0,0],[\"Self-selection bias is one of the most common biases in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.\",0,0]]},\"154\":{\"question_id\":\"154\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:23:\\\"The size of the sample.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:35:\\\"The parameters of the intervention.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:28:\\\"The measurement of outcomes.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:30:\\\"The implications for practice.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:175:\\\"When the procedures for data extraction and coding are described clearly in meta-analyses, all of the following features of each included study are likely to be coded, EXCEPT:\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"The size of the sample.\",0,0],[\"The parameters of the intervention.\",0,0],[\"The measurement of outcomes.\",0,0],[\"The implications for practice.\",0,1]]},\"155\":{\"question_id\":\"155\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:88:\\\"Are the numerical results explained in a way understandable to an intelligent layperson?\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:71:\\\"Are the limitations of the study design and analyses clearly explained?\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:51:\\\"Are the issues of heterogeneity and bias addressed?\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:71:\\\"Are implications of the study results for policy or practice discussed?\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:139:\\\"When meta-analyses are evaluated, all of the following criteria can be applied to both meta-analyses and regular empirical studies, EXCEPT:\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Are the numerical results explained in a way understandable to an intelligent layperson?\",0,0],[\"Are the limitations of the study design and analyses clearly explained?\",0,0],[\"Are the issues of heterogeneity and bias addressed?\",0,1],[\"Are implications of the study results for policy or practice discussed?\",0,0]]},\"156\":{\"question_id\":\"156\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:79:\\\"Many meta-analyses include only published studies, which is often a limitation.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:119:\\\"For many meta-analyses, the only limitation is that studies published in other languages than English are not included.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:96:\\\"It is common for systematic reviews to end up with too few studies, which is a clear limitation.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:75:\\\"Most likely limitations are related to the quality of the included studies.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:118:\\\"Regarding the limitations of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT?\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Many meta-analyses include only published studies, which is often a limitation.\",0,0],[\"For many meta-analyses, the only limitation is that studies published in other languages than English are not included.\",0,1],[\"It is common for systematic reviews to end up with too few studies, which is a clear limitation.\",0,0],[\"Most likely limitations are related to the quality of the included studies.\",0,0]]},\"157\":{\"question_id\":\"157\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:15:\\\"Attrition bias.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:25:\\\"Selective reporting bias.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:20:\\\"Self-selection bias.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:17:\\\"Publication bias.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:129:\\\"There are several common biases that can affect the results of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Which one is NOT among them?\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Attrition bias.\",0,0],[\"Selective reporting bias.\",0,0],[\"Self-selection bias.\",0,1],[\"Publication bias.\",0,0]]},\"158\":{\"question_id\":\"158\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:108:\\\"Publication bias means that studies with statistically significant findings are more likely to be published.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:108:\\\"Publication bias means that studies that find interventions to be effective are more likely to be published.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:111:\\\"Publication bias means that studies that have not found any significant effects are unlikely to be unpublished.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:92:\\\"Publication bias means that studies that have been published before are likely to be biased.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:114:\\\"All of the following are various explanations of publication bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, EXCEPT:\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Publication bias means that studies with statistically significant findings are more likely to be published.\",0,0],[\"Publication bias means that studies that find interventions to be effective are more likely to be published.\",0,0],[\"Publication bias means that studies that have not found any significant effects are unlikely to be unpublished.\",0,0],[\"Publication bias means that studies that have been published before are likely to be biased.\",0,1]]},\"160\":{\"question_id\":\"160\",\"quiz_id\":\"14\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:14:\\\"too different.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:12:\\\"too similar.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:13:\\\"too outdated.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:20:\\\"not rigorous enough.\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:14:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:114:\\\"Heterogeneity is a common problem in meta-analyses. It means that the studies included into the meta-analysis are:\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"too different.\",0,1],[\"too similar.\",0,0],[\"too outdated.\",0,0],[\"not rigorous enough.\",0,0]]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-14 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm14\" id=\"quizForm14\" action=\"\/evaluatingresearch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/72\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_14\" value=\"4f71717fa2\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_14\" value=\"69eba954422f2\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-150 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>1.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which one of the following components is common between a systematic review and a regular empirical study? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question150-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question150_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDatabases are searched using a deliberate and structured search strategy.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question150-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question150_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEvery relevant study meeting specific pre-determined criteria is included.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question150-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question150_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncluded studies are systematically examined for their methods.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question150-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question150_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRelevant implications for policy or practice are outlined.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question150_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_150\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-151 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>2.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>All of the following features are common for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, EXCEPT: <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question151-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question151_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStructured approach towards searching for studies.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question151-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question151_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPre-determined set of criteria for including or excluding studies.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question151-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question151_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCalculation of an average numerical effect size.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question151-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question151_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDiscussion of implications for policy or practice.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question151_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_151\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-152 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>3.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>If a systematic search procedure results in too few studies eligible to be included in a systematic review or meta-analysis, it is likely to happen for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question152-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question152_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe criteria for the search and selection of studies are too narrow.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question152-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question152_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThere have not been enough studies conducted on the topic of interest.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question152-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question152_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe researchers have not used the right databases in their search.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question152-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question152_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tToo few studies used a strong methodology such as a true experimental design.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question152_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_152\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-153 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>4.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Regarding heterogeneity and biases in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which one of the following statements is CORRECT? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question153-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question153_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tOne of the best ways to address heterogeneity in a meta-analysis is to analyze the included studies in subgroups.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question153-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question153_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe most likely effect of biases on the study results is that they will underestimate the effectiveness of an intervention.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question153-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question153_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPublication bias means that studies that have been published before are unlikely to be replicated.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question153-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question153_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSelf-selection bias is one of the most common biases in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question153_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_153\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-154 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>5.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>When the procedures for data extraction and coding are described clearly in meta-analyses, all of the following features of each included study are likely to be coded, EXCEPT: <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question154-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question154_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe size of the sample.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question154-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question154_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe parameters of the intervention.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question154-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question154_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe measurement of outcomes.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question154-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question154_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe implications for practice.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question154_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_154\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-155 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>6.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>When meta-analyses are evaluated, all of the following criteria can be applied to both meta-analyses and regular empirical studies, EXCEPT: <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question155-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question155\" id=\"question155_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question155_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAre the numerical results explained in a way understandable to an intelligent layperson?\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question155-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question155\" id=\"question155_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question155_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAre the limitations of the study design and analyses clearly explained?\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question155-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question155\" id=\"question155_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question155_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAre the issues of heterogeneity and bias addressed?\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question155-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question155\" id=\"question155_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question155_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAre implications of the study results for policy or practice discussed?\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question155_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question155\" id=\"question155_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_155\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-156 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>7.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Regarding the limitations of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question156-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question156\" id=\"question156_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question156_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMany meta-analyses include only published studies, which is often a limitation.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question156-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question156\" id=\"question156_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question156_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFor many meta-analyses, the only limitation is that studies published in other languages than English are not included.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question156-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question156\" id=\"question156_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question156_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt is common for systematic reviews to end up with too few studies, which is a clear limitation.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question156-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question156\" id=\"question156_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question156_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMost likely limitations are related to the quality of the included studies.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question156_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question156\" id=\"question156_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_156\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-157 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>8.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>There are several common biases that can affect the results of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Which one is NOT among them? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question157-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question157\" id=\"question157_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question157_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAttrition bias.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question157-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question157\" id=\"question157_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question157_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSelective reporting bias.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question157-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question157\" id=\"question157_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question157_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSelf-selection bias.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question157-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question157\" id=\"question157_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question157_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPublication bias.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question157_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question157\" id=\"question157_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_157\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-158 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>9.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>All of the following are various explanations of publication bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, EXCEPT: <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question158-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question158\" id=\"question158_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question158_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPublication bias means that studies with statistically significant findings are more likely to be published.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question158-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question158\" id=\"question158_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question158_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPublication bias means that studies that find interventions to be effective are more likely to be published.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question158-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question158\" id=\"question158_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question158_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPublication bias means that studies that have not found any significant effects are unlikely to be unpublished.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question158-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question158\" id=\"question158_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question158_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPublication bias means that studies that have been published before are likely to be biased.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question158_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question158\" id=\"question158_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_158\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-160 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>10.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Heterogeneity is a common problem in meta-analyses. It means that the studies included into the meta-analysis are: <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question160-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question160\" id=\"question160_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question160_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\ttoo different.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question160-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question160\" id=\"question160_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question160_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\ttoo similar.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question160-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question160\" id=\"question160_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question160_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\ttoo outdated.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question160-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question160\" id=\"question160_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question160_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tnot rigorous enough.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question160_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question160\" id=\"question160_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_160\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"150Q151Q152Q153Q154Q155Q156Q157Q158Q160Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"14\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/evaluatingresearch\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anchor-2-online-resources\" id=\"anchor-3-online-resources\">Online Resources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cochrane Library (the largest online collection of rigorous systematic reviews on health care and medical interventions):<br><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/\">http:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More on empty (or zombie) systematic reviews:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0036626\">https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0036626<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/nae2.23\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/nae2.23<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidence base (clearinghouse) of rigorous research on crime prevention programs and practices:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/crimesolutions.gov\/\">https:\/\/crimesolutions.gov\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidence base (clearinghouse) of rigorous research on educational interventions:<br><a href=\"https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/ncee\/wwc\/\">https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/ncee\/wwc\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n    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