{"id":233,"date":"2023-12-07T16:04:31","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T16:04:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/essentialgrammars\/?post_type=content&p=233"},"modified":"2025-08-15T11:23:54","modified_gmt":"2025-08-15T11:23:54","slug":"chapter-9-verbs-1","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/essentialgrammars\/essential-french-grammar-3rd-edition\/chapter-9-verbs-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 9 – Verbs 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n
\n\tHome\n<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n

Chapter 9 – Verbs 1<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\n

This chapter is the first of four chapters which analyse the verb, the key part of the sentence grammatically. The three verb groups in French are outlined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The importance of the verb is emphasised in the first key points box, after which the major characteristics (person, number, mood and tense) of the verb are listed in a table, as well as the four different types of verbs, voice and aspect. The next section examines various functions of the verb: linking verbs, the uses of the auxiliaries avoir and \u00eatre, active and passive voices, semi-auxiliary verbs and modal verbs. Subsequently, the features of transitive and intransitive verbs are described, and this is followed by sections on pronominal verbs and impersonal verbs. The last feature of the verb to be examined in this chapter is verbal aspect, a term which defines actions in relation to time. Important contrasts with English grammar in relation to aspect are drawn, in the three areas of grammar, lexis and semantics. The section ends with an account of aspect in auxiliary verbs. The last part of the chapter contains a literary passage with a variety of uses of the verb in it, which are then analysed. At the end of the chapter there are five exercises for grammar practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n

Exercise 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n\n
\n\t\n\t
\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t<\/div> \n\n<\/div> \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t
\n\t
\n\t\tTime limit: 0<\/span>\t<\/div>\n\t
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\t

\n\tQuiz Summary\t<\/h4>\n\t

0<\/span> of 1 Questions completed<\/p>\t

Questions:<\/p>\n\t

<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t <\/div>\n
\n\t

\n\t\tInformation\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t <\/div>\n
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\t\t\n\t

You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.<\/p><\/div>\n

\n\t

\n\t\tQuiz is loading…\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\t

You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.<\/p><\/div>\n

\n\t

You must first complete the following: <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\n\t

Results<\/h4>\n\t

\n\t\t

\n\t\tQuiz complete. Results are being recorded.\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/dd>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
\n\t

Results<\/h4>\n\t

0<\/span> of 1<\/span> Questions answered correctly<\/p>\t\t

\n\t\tYour time: <\/span>\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t

\n\tTime has elapsed\t<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

\n\t\tYou have reached 0<\/span> of 0<\/span> point(s), (0<\/span>)\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t

\n\t\tEarned Point(s): 0<\/span> of 0<\/span>, (0<\/span>)\t\t
\n\t\t0<\/span> Essay(s) Pending (Possible Point(s): 0<\/span>)\t\t
\n\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\n\t

\n\t\t

\n\t\tCategories\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
  1. \n\t\t\t\t\tNot categorized<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t0%<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t
    \n\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    • \n\t\t\t\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t
      \n\t\t\t\t
      \n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \n\t
      \n\t
        \n\t\t\t\t\t
      1. 1<\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t
        <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \n\t
          \n\t\t
        1. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tCurrent<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
        2. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tReview<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
        3. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tAnswered<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
        4. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tCorrect<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
        5. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tIncorrect<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ol>\n\t
          <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
          \n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t
          <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
          <\/div>\n
          \n\t
            \n\t\t\n\t\t\t
          1. \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tQuestion 1<\/span> of 1<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t1<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

            Supply the missing impersonal verb in an appropriate tense:<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/legend>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

            <\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
              \n
            1. Maintenant, (s\u2019agir) <\/span><\/span> de sauver l\u2019euro.<\/li>\n
            2. Pour cela (convenir) <\/span><\/span> d\u00e8s maintenant, de s\u2019entendre entre pays de la zone euro.<\/li>\n
            3. (\u00eatre clair) <\/span><\/span> que la t\u00e2che sera rude.<\/li>\n
            4. (arriver) <\/span><\/span> parfois que l\u2019unanimit\u00e9 se soit faite autour de certaines questions<\/li>\n
            5. Mais (aller de soi) <\/span><\/span> que la m\u00e9sentente entre Europ\u00e9ens est la norme.<\/li>\n
            6. (couler) <\/span><\/span> beaucoup d\u2019eau sous les ponts avant d\u2019atteindre l\u2019harmonie entre Europ\u00e9ens.<\/li>\n
            7. (\u00eatre) <\/span><\/span> un temps o\u00f9 l\u2019enthousiasme pour l\u2019id\u00e9e europ\u00e9enne \u00e9tait grand.<\/li>\n
            8. Mais ce temps est r\u00e9volu et (y avoir) <\/span><\/span> surtout de la d\u00e9ception dans les c\u0153urs.<\/li>\n
            9. D\u00e9sormais, (falloir) <\/span><\/span> beaucoup de patience.<\/li>\n
            10. (\u00eatre important) <\/span><\/span>, aujourd\u2019hui, que les Europ\u00e9ens se parlent.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/fieldset>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
              <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
              <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
              <\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div> \n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
              \n\n\n\n

              Exercise 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
              \n\n
              \n\t\n\t
              \n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t<\/div> \n\n<\/div> \n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t
              <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t
              \n\t
              \n\t\tTime limit: 0<\/span>\t<\/div>\n\t
              <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
              \n\t

              \n\tQuiz Summary\t<\/h4>\n\t

              0<\/span> of 1 Questions completed<\/p>\t

              Questions:<\/p>\n\t

              <\/div>\n\n\t\n\t <\/div>\n
              \n\t

              \n\t\tInformation\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t <\/div>\n
              \n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
              \t\t\n\t

              You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.<\/p><\/div>\n

              \n\t

              \n\t\tQuiz is loading…\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

              \n\t

              You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.<\/p><\/div>\n

              \n\t

              You must first complete the following: <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

              \n\t

              Results<\/h4>\n\t

              \n\t\t

              \n\t\tQuiz complete. Results are being recorded.\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t
              \n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/dd>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
              \n\t

              Results<\/h4>\n\t

              0<\/span> of 1<\/span> Questions answered correctly<\/p>\t\t

              \n\t\tYour time: <\/span>\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t

              \n\tTime has elapsed\t<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

              \n\t\tYou have reached 0<\/span> of 0<\/span> point(s), (0<\/span>)\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t

              \n\t\tEarned Point(s): 0<\/span> of 0<\/span>, (0<\/span>)\t\t
              \n\t\t0<\/span> Essay(s) Pending (Possible Point(s): 0<\/span>)\t\t
              \n\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\n\t

              \n\t\t

              \n\t\tCategories\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t
              \n\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
              1. \n\t\t\t\t\tNot categorized<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t0%<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t
                \n\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                • \n\t\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t
                  \n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                  \n\t
                  \n\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t\t
                  1. 1<\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t
                    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                    \n\t
                      \n\t\t
                    1. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tCurrent<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                    2. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tReview<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                    3. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tAnswered<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                    4. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tCorrect<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                    5. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tIncorrect<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ol>\n\t
                      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                      \n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t
                      <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                      <\/div>\n
                      \n\t
                        \n\t\t\n\t\t\t
                      1. \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tQuestion 1<\/span> of 1<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t1<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

                        Write the form of the verb indicated in brackets:<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/legend>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

                        <\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n
                        1. \u00c0 quelle heure (se r\u00e9veiller) <\/span><\/span> (2nd person plural, compound past, to a group of males)?<\/li>\n
                        2. Quand (se lever) <\/span><\/span> (1st person plural, compound past, to a group of females)?<\/li>\n
                        3. \u00c0 quel moment (se doucher) <\/span><\/span> (1st person plural, imperfect)?<\/li>\n
                        4. Quand (se s\u00e9cher) <\/span><\/span> les cheveux (3rd person plural, future, to a mixed gender group)?<\/li>\n
                        5. Quand (se maquiller) <\/span><\/span> (2nd person singular, imperfect)?<\/li>\n
                        6. Quand (se brosser) <\/span><\/span> les dents (3rd person singular, compound past, feminine)?<\/li>\n
                        7. Quand (s\u2019habiller) <\/span><\/span> (1st person singular, future)?<\/li>\n
                        8. Quand (se mettre) <\/span><\/span> en route (2nd person plural, compound past, to a group of males)?<\/li>\n
                        9. Quand (s\u2019engouffrer) <\/span><\/span> dans le m\u00e9tro (3rd person plural, pluperfect, to a mixed gender group)?<\/li>\n
                        10. Quand (s\u2019asseoir) <\/span><\/span> \u00e0 ton bureau (2nd person singular, pluperfect, feminine)?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/fieldset>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIncorrect\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          <\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div> \n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
                          \n\n\n\n

                          Exercise 3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                          \n\n
                          \n\t\n\t
                          \n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n\t<\/div> \n\n<\/div> \n\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t
                          <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t
                          \n\t
                          \n\t\tTime limit: 0<\/span>\t<\/div>\n\t
                          <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                          \n\t

                          \n\tQuiz Summary\t<\/h4>\n\t

                          0<\/span> of 10 Questions completed<\/p>\t

                          Questions:<\/p>\n\t

                          <\/div>\n\n\t\n\t <\/div>\n
                          \n\t

                          \n\t\tInformation\t<\/h2>\n\n\t\t <\/div>\n
                          \n\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                          \t\t\n\t

                          You have already completed the quiz before. Hence you can not start it again.<\/p><\/div>\n

                          \n\t

                          \n\t\tQuiz is loading…\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                          \n\t

                          You must sign in or sign up to start the quiz.<\/p><\/div>\n

                          \n\t

                          You must first complete the following: <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

                          \n\t

                          Results<\/h4>\n\t

                          \n\t\t

                          \n\t\tQuiz complete. Results are being recorded.\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/dd>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
                          \n\t

                          Results<\/h4>\n\t

                          0<\/span> of 10<\/span> Questions answered correctly<\/p>\t\t

                          \n\t\tYour time: <\/span>\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t

                          \n\tTime has elapsed\t<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

                          \n\t\tYou have reached 0<\/span> of 0<\/span> point(s), (0<\/span>)\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t

                          \n\t\tEarned Point(s): 0<\/span> of 0<\/span>, (0<\/span>)\t\t
                          \n\t\t0<\/span> Essay(s) Pending (Possible Point(s): 0<\/span>)\t\t
                          \n\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\n\t

                          \n\t\t

                          \n\t\tCategories\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t
                            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                          1. \n\t\t\t\t\tNot categorized<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t0%<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t
                            \n\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                            • \n\t\t\t\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                              \n\t\t\t\t
                              \n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                              \n\t
                              \n\t
                                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                              1. 1<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              2. 2<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              3. 3<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              4. 4<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              5. 5<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              6. 6<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              7. 7<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              8. 8<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              9. 9<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t
                              10. 10<\/li>\n\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t
                                <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                                \n\t
                                  \n\t\t
                                1. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tCurrent<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                                2. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tReview<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                                3. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tAnswered<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                                4. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tCorrect<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t
                                5. \n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tIncorrect<\/span>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ol>\n\t
                                  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                                  \n\t\t\t \t\t\t\t
                                  <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
                                  <\/div>\n
                                  \n\t
                                    \n\t\t\n\t\t\t
                                  1. \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\tQuestion 1<\/span> of 10<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t1<\/span>. Question\n\t\t\t\t<\/h5>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

                                    Decide whether the following sentences are transitive or intransitive.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    Que cherches-tu\u00a0 ____________ ?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/legend>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t

                                    <\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t