{"id":511,"date":"2025-08-21T08:42:58","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:42:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=511"},"modified":"2025-08-21T08:42:58","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:42:58","slug":"chapter-12","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-12\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 12"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Barrister\" data-back=\"One of the two branches of the legal profession in England and Wales; the other being a solicitor. Barristers traditionally focus primarily on advocacy, and on qualification have full rights of audience in court. They are regulated by the Bar Council, and must be a member of one of the four Inns of Court.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Barrister<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>One of the two branches of the legal profession in England and Wales; the other being a solicitor. Barristers traditionally focus primarily on advocacy, and on qualification have full rights of audience in court. They are regulated by the Bar Council, and must be a member of one of the four Inns of Court.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Judicial Studies Board (JSB)\" data-back=\"The body responsible for training judges and lay magistrates. The JSB is independent of the government.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Judicial Studies Board (JSB)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body responsible for training judges and lay magistrates. The JSB is independent of the government.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Judiciary\" data-back=\"The collective term for the judges who adjudicate on cases before the courts. It represents one of the powers of the British constitution.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Judiciary<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The collective term for the judges who adjudicate on cases before the courts. It represents one of the powers of the British constitution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Law Lord\" data-back=\"A judge who usually sits in the House of Lords. The proper title is Lord of Appeal in Ordinary.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Law Lord<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A judge who usually sits in the House of Lords. The proper title is Lord of Appeal in Ordinary.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Lord Chancellor\" data-back=\"A senior member of the Cabinet. Following the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Lord Chancellor&#8217;s office is ministerial rather than judicial and is combined with the role of Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs. The Lord Chancellor will continue to have duties relating to the administration of justice, but not in a judicial capacity.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Lord Chancellor<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A senior member of the Cabinet. Following the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Lord Chancellor&#8217;s office is ministerial rather than judicial and is combined with the role of Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs. The Lord Chancellor will continue to have duties relating to the administration of justice, but not in a judicial capacity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Lord Chief Justice\" data-back=\"The head of the judiciary in England and Wales. Following the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Lord Chief Justice is the President of the Courts of England and Wales. He or she is responsible both for the welfare and training of the judiciary and for representing the views of the judiciary to Parliament.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Lord Chief Justice<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The head of the judiciary in England and Wales. Following the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Lord Chief Justice is the President of the Courts of England and Wales. He or she is responsible both for the welfare and training of the judiciary and for representing the views of the judiciary to Parliament.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Lords of Appeal in Ordinary\" data-back=\"The 12 senior appeal court judges in the House of Lords who hear the most important civil and criminal appeals. Following full implementation of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 they will become Justices of the Supreme Court. They are popularly referred to as Law Lords.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Lords of Appeal in Ordinary<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The 12 senior appeal court judges in the House of Lords who hear the most important civil and criminal appeals. Following full implementation of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 they will become Justices of the Supreme Court. They are popularly referred to as Law Lords.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Lords\/Lady Justices of Appeal\" data-back=\"Judges in the Civil and Criminal Divisions of the Court of Appeal.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Lords\/Lady Justices of Appeal<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Judges in the Civil and Criminal Divisions of the Court of Appeal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Magistrate\" data-back=\"Lay justice who sits in the magistrates&#8217; court. Magistrates have no formal legal qualifications, are not paid for their services and have limited sentencing powers. Also known as a Justice of the Peace.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Magistrate<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Lay justice who sits in the magistrates&#8217; court. Magistrates have no formal legal qualifications, are not paid for their services and have limited sentencing powers. Also known as a Justice of the Peace.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Recorder\" data-back=\"A part-time judge, who is also an experienced solicitor or barrister. A recorder can sit in both Crown or county courts, and hears the less complex cases. Becoming a recorder is often the first step towards becoming a full-time judge.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Recorder<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A part-time judge, who is also an experienced solicitor or barrister. A recorder can sit in both Crown or county courts, and hears the less complex cases. Becoming a recorder is often the first step towards becoming a full-time judge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"13.933,1 34,21.068 14.431,40.637 9.498,35.704 24.136,21.068 9,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      \n    <div>\n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n    \/\/ Use the unique block ID to target this specific instance\n    var blockId = 'swiper-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc';\n    var swiperElement = document.getElementById(blockId);\n    \n    if (!swiperElement) return;\n\n    var swiper = new Swiper('#' + blockId, {\n        pagination: {\n            el: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-pagination',\n            type: \"fraction\",\n        },\n        navigation: {\n            nextEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-next',\n            prevEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-prev',\n        },\n    });\n\n    const flipCards = swiperElement.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n    const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement-block_a2bb98dde92ad026f58fc12cab6da7fc');\n\n    flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n        flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n            flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n            const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n            \n            if (isFlipped) {\n                announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n            } else {\n                announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n                event.preventDefault();\n                flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n                const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n                const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n                const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n                \n                if (isFlipped) {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n                } else {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n                }\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}. 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