{"id":505,"date":"2025-08-21T08:35:02","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:35:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=505"},"modified":"2025-08-21T08:35:02","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:35:02","slug":"chapter-5","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 5"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)\" data-back=\"Methods such as arbitration, mediation, conciliation and negotiation that people can use to resolve a dispute without the case reaching the courts, ADR offers an alternative to litigation.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Methods such as arbitration, mediation, conciliation and negotiation that people can use to resolve a dispute without the case reaching the courts, ADR offers an alternative to litigation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Chambers\" data-back=\"Barristers are usually self-employed, but they form organisations, known as chambers, through which they share a building, overheads and clerking services. A specific barristers&#8217; chambers is referred to as a \u2018set\u2019 of chambers. Individual sets often develop their own specialisms in, for example, family law or crime.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Chambers<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Barristers are usually self-employed, but they form organisations, known as chambers, through which they share a building, overheads and clerking services. A specific barristers&#8217; chambers is referred to as a \u2018set\u2019 of chambers. Individual sets often develop their own specialisms in, for example, family law or crime.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Court of First Instance\" data-back=\"A court that hears a case for the first time.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Court of First Instance<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A court that hears a case for the first time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"European Community (EC) Law\" data-back=\"The body of law that has emerged from the European Community.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>European Community (EC) Law<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body of law that has emerged from the European Community.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"European Court of Justice (ECJ)\" data-back=\"The judicial arm of the European Union (EU). The ECJ is an institution of the EU which hears actions brought by the European Commission against Member States for breaches of EC law and hears Art 234 References from Member State courts to clarify questions of EC law. In the field of community law, ECJ judgments overrule those of national courts. The ECJ sits at Luxembourg.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>European Court of Justice (ECJ)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The judicial arm of the European Union (EU). The ECJ is an institution of the EU which hears actions brought by the European Commission against Member States for breaches of EC law and hears Art 234 References from Member State courts to clarify questions of EC law. In the field of community law, ECJ judgments overrule those of national courts. The ECJ sits at Luxembourg.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"European Parliament\" data-back=\"A directly elected body which is an institution of the European Union. It plays a significant role in the European Community legislative process, though it is not a legislative body in the same way as the UK Parliament. For example, it does not have sole law making power, though it does have an increasing role of co-decision with the Council of Ministers.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>European Parliament<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A directly elected body which is an institution of the European Union. It plays a significant role in the European Community legislative process, though it is not a legislative body in the same way as the UK Parliament. For example, it does not have sole law making power, though it does have an increasing role of co-decision with the Council of Ministers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Negotiation\" data-back=\"A resolution process whereby a compromise is made and an agreement reached between parties. An ability to negotiate is a key skill for a lawyer, as effective negotiations before litigation may mean that the parties resolve their differences and do not have to resort to going to court.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Negotiation<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A resolution process whereby a compromise is made and an agreement reached between parties. An ability to negotiate is a key skill for a lawyer, as effective negotiations before litigation may mean that the parties resolve their differences and do not have to resort to going to court.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"13.933,1 34,21.068 14.431,40.637 9.498,35.704 24.136,21.068 9,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      \n    <div>\n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n    \/\/ Use the unique block ID to target this specific instance\n    var blockId = 'swiper-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506';\n    var swiperElement = document.getElementById(blockId);\n    \n    if (!swiperElement) return;\n\n    var swiper = new Swiper('#' + blockId, {\n        pagination: {\n            el: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-pagination',\n            type: \"fraction\",\n        },\n        navigation: {\n            nextEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-next',\n            prevEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-prev',\n        },\n    });\n\n    const flipCards = swiperElement.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n    const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement-block_8a992dd67e7d926476659fd20ef63506');\n\n    flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n        flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n            flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n            const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n            \n            if (isFlipped) {\n                announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n            } else {\n                announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n                event.preventDefault();\n                flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n                const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n                const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n                const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n                \n                if (isFlipped) {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n                } else {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n                }\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}. 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