{"id":500,"date":"2025-08-21T07:58:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T07:58:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=500"},"modified":"2025-08-21T07:59:00","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T07:59:00","slug":"chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Acquittal\" data-back=\"When the defendant in a criminal trial is found not guilty of a crime and is therefore allowed to walk free from court.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Acquittal<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When the defendant in a criminal trial is found not guilty of a crime and is therefore allowed to walk free from court.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Act of Parliament\" data-back=\"A piece of written law that has been made by Parliament. An Act goes through a series of stages in both Houses of Parliament. An Act of Parliament is also referred to as an example of statute law, or primary legislation.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Act of Parliament<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A piece of written law that has been made by Parliament. An Act goes through a series of stages in both Houses of Parliament. An Act of Parliament is also referred to as an example of statute law, or primary legislation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Attorney General\" data-back=\"The Attorney General is the Government&#8217;s chief legal adviser and is politically accountable for the work of a number of State bodies, including the Treasury Solicitor, the Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate and the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Attorney General can refer cases to the Court of Appeal where an acquittal is questionable on a point of law or where a sentence has been passed which is considered \u2018unduly lenient\u2019.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Attorney General<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The Attorney General is the Government&#8217;s chief legal adviser and is politically accountable for the work of a number of State bodies, including the Treasury Solicitor, the Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate and the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Attorney General can refer cases to the Court of Appeal where an acquittal is questionable on a point of law or where a sentence has been passed which is considered \u2018unduly lenient\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Conditional fees\" data-back=\"A Conditional Fee Arrangement is one where the lawyer agrees only to recover his or her fee if the client wins the case. Often popularly referred to as \u2018no win, no fee\u2019 agreements.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Conditional fees<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A Conditional Fee Arrangement is one where the lawyer agrees only to recover his or her fee if the client wins the case. Often popularly referred to as \u2018no win, no fee\u2019 agreements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Constitution\" data-back=\"A set of rules and customs that set out, in effect, how a country should be run. A constitution does not have to be written but may have evolved over the years. The British constitution is an example of an unwritten constitution.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Constitution<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A set of rules and customs that set out, in effect, how a country should be run. A constitution does not have to be written but may have evolved over the years. The British constitution is an example of an unwritten constitution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)\" data-back=\"A charter setting out a series of fundamental human rights, such as the right to life and the right to respect for private and family life. It was incorporated into English law by the Human Rights Act 1998.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A charter setting out a series of fundamental human rights, such as the right to life and the right to respect for private and family life. It was incorporated into English law by the Human Rights Act 1998.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Executive\" data-back=\"A term that represents the government of the day, and particularly the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet of senior Ministers. It is the administration that runs the country and is one of the three organs of the state along with the judiciary and the legislature.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Executive<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term that represents the government of the day, and particularly the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet of senior Ministers. It is the administration that runs the country and is one of the three organs of the state along with the judiciary and the legislature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Judicial independence\" data-back=\"The principle that the judiciary should be permitted to act independently of the other main organs of government, namely the executive and the legislature.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Judicial independence<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The principle that the judiciary should be permitted to act independently of the other main organs of government, namely the executive and the legislature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Legal aid\" data-back=\"Free legal assistance given to those who qualify for it. Legal aid is only available in certain types of cases, and only if the applicant meets the financial criteria set out at the time of application.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Legal aid<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Free legal assistance given to those who qualify for it. Legal aid is only available in certain types of cases, and only if the applicant meets the financial criteria set out at the time of application.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Legislature\" data-back=\"The primary law-making body in the constitution. In English law, the legislature refers to the Parliament at Westminster. It is one of the three organs of government, the others being the executive and the judiciary. The legislature makes primary legislation.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Legislature<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The primary law-making body in the constitution. In English law, the legislature refers to the Parliament at Westminster. It is one of the three organs of government, the others being the executive and the judiciary. The legislature makes primary legislation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"13.933,1 34,21.068 14.431,40.637 9.498,35.704 24.136,21.068 9,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      \n    <div>\n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n    \/\/ Use the unique block ID to target this specific instance\n    var blockId = 'swiper-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446';\n    var swiperElement = document.getElementById(blockId);\n    \n    if (!swiperElement) return;\n\n    var swiper = new Swiper('#' + blockId, {\n        pagination: {\n            el: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-pagination',\n            type: \"fraction\",\n        },\n        navigation: {\n            nextEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-next',\n            prevEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-prev',\n        },\n    });\n\n    const flipCards = swiperElement.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n    const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement-block_1d7790887bd57a152d55508505a6f446');\n\n    flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n        flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n            flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n            const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n            \n            if (isFlipped) {\n                announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n            } else {\n                announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n                event.preventDefault();\n                flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n                const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n                const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n                const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n                \n                if (isFlipped) {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n                } else {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n                }\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}. 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