{"id":492,"date":"2025-08-21T07:51:15","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T07:51:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=492"},"modified":"2025-08-21T07:51:16","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T07:51:16","slug":"chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Appeal<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When a decision has been reached by a court, the losing party usually has the right to ask that the matter be re-considered by a higher court. For example, a decision of the Court of Appeal may be appealed to the House of Lords. The right to appeal is only given on grounds specified by the court and these will usually be restricted to matters of law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Bill<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A draft piece of primary legislation as it goes through the stages of becoming an Act of Parliament.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Civil law<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body of law dealing with non-criminal matters, such as the rights of individuals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Common law<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body of law which has evolved from decisions of the courts, rather than deriving from Acts of Parliament. Common law development is associated with the doctrine of judicial precedent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Court of Appeal<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The Court of Appeal has both civil and criminal divisions and hears appeals in these areas. It is second only to the House of Lords in the hierarchy of English courts. It sits in the Royal Courts of Justice in London.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Criminal law<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body of law that deals with and punishes offenders who have committed a crime.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Defendant<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The person in civil law defending a claim, or the person being tried for an offence in criminal law. In criminal law, the term \u2018accused\u2019 is sometimes preferred over \u2018defendant\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Equity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body of law that developed originally through the Courts of Chancery. It is separate from the common law, although the administration of both has now been combined. Some concepts, such as the trust, are only recognised in equity. The Judicature Acts provided that if equity and the common law conflict, equity will prevail.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>House of Lords<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Parliamentary chamber, referred to as the Upper House. It is the highest appellate court in England and Wales until it was replaced by the Supreme Court in 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Judge<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A person appointed by the Crown whose role, in all legal cases, is to manage the case and to ensure that the evidence is properly admitted and the legal arguments are heard. The role of the judge differs according to the type of case being tried or appeal being heard.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Judgment<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The decision of a judge, which usually sets out his or her legal reasoning. If more than one judge is sitting, there may be a number of judgments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Lawyer<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A popular term used to describe someone who practices law, It usually refers to a solicitor or a barrister, but could also include anyone who is involved in the legal profession.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Legislation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Any form of written law. In the English legal system, it can be divided into primary legislation, in the form of Acts of Parliament (statute law), and secondary legislation, in the form of delegated legislation (mainly statutory instruments).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Parliament<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Where primary legislation is made in the English legal system. It is the institution that represents the legislature in the constitution. Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Private law<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Law relating to the relationships between private individuals, rather than an individual and the State: for example, contract law, the law of torts, property law and family law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Public law<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Law relating to the functions of the State, and the relationship between an individual and the State, rather than between private individuals. For example, constitutional law and administrative law.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Statute<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Another term for an Act of Parliament.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":487,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-492","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/487"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}