{"id":48,"date":"2024-03-19T13:54:14","date_gmt":"2024-03-19T13:54:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/culturaltheory\/?post_type=content&#038;p=48"},"modified":"2024-03-27T14:39:53","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T14:39:53","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/culturaltheory\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"accordionGroup\" class=\"accordion-isr\">\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-1-popular-culture\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-0\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-0\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Popular Culture                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-0\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A broad set of cultural practices that include approaches, objects, beliefs, aesthetics and text considered to be \u2018well-liked\u2019 and \u2018widely-favoured\u2019. Due to its reliance on universality, popular culture is also a landscape of social processes reflective of cultural trends and tendencies, local and global alike. As such, it is reflective of dependencies between culture, politics and economy, and their overlapping uses of, and reliance on entertainment, preference, and any standard that merges an individual performance and social practice.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-2-culture\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-1\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-1\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Culture                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-1\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A complex notion that comprises a variety of practices responsible for group or individual identity and lifestyle in society. Culture is represented by (1) achievements (heritage, literature, art etc.), (2) pastimes (sports, cuisine etc), and texts of culture (responsible for the formation and circulation of meaning). For Raymond Williams \u2018culture\u2019 is \u2018a whole way of life\u2019 (everydayness) and the forms of signification (film, fiction, television, advertising etc.) that organize societies.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-3-postmodernism\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-2\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-2\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Postmodernism                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-2\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A 20th-century style and movement in the arts, criticism and architecture defined by the \u201cplayful\u201d recycling of the modern in ways considered new and challenging to the earlier modernist movement. It is known for its deconstructive approach to culture with an aim to question universal truths and objective realities turning to individual judgement about the world. It is also characterized by the hyperrealistic organisation of life reflected in excessive consumption, cultivation of immediate pleasure and simulacrum lifestyles.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-4-class\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-3\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-3\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Class                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-3\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A social division into groups representing the same or similar socioeconomic status.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-5-meaning\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-4\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-4\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Meaning                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-4\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A relationship between signs and life practice, understood as what stands to someone for something and how it works in a social context. Meaning is usually represented by a triad comprising <em>the representant<\/em> or medium (sign vehicle: word, work of art, cultural content), <em>the interpretant<\/em> (what a sign renders), and <em>the object<\/em> (what a sign refers to). Meaning mediates the literal and metaphorical expression by means of intent and context, which impact signification in relation to objects, practices and activities.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-6-context\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-5\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-5\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Context                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-5\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A relationship between the complexities of language (semantics and syntax) and the linguistic\/discursive environment (wherein content circulates and signification takes shape). Context represents clues for determining and decoding the meaning of specific content (be it a word, a text or other sign vehicle).<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-7-highbrow\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-6\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-6\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Highbrow                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-6\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Represents complicated ideas, subjects and forms of expression associated with intellectual content and artistic sophistication.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-8-lowbrow\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-7\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-7\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Lowbrow                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-7\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Represents simple and more approachable ideas, subjects and forms of expression associated with universally appreciated content and intellectual naivety.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-9-taste\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-8\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-8\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Taste                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-8\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>What preconditions human preferences and choices in the social context. According to Bourdieu, taste is not an innocent, pure \u2018ability\u2019 but an effect of many politically, economically, and socially regulated factors that mould human liking and modes of appreciation. It is also what positions an individual in a given social group (or class) and against other groups (or classes). TASTE\u00a0is, therefore, a means of social stratification whereby an individual becomes identified through the hierarchies of taste that inform about what is considered aesthetically valuable. As such, the notion of\u00a0TASTE makes people constantly redefine themselves: their sense of social belonging and personal value, by legitimate standards of aesthetic value (legitimate taste) and personal aesthetic pleasure (arbitrary taste). Because it is mostly symbolic, and seemingly situated outside of what we may directly link with aesthetic pleasure, TASTE seems something natural, so does the social stratification it propels.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-10-mass-culture\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-9\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-9\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Mass culture                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-9\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Signifies cultural products, phenomena and content intended for mass audiences (mass consumption and appreciation), produced and distributed by means of industrialized techniques on a large scale. Mass culture is associated with production means that emerged with the rise of modern technologies and mass media.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-11-canon\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-10\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-10\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Canon                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-10\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A body of works considered to be representative of a particular theme, context or standard (artistic, legal, scientific and other) considered to be emblematic, sophisticated and\/or of the highest quality.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-12-satire\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-11\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-11\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Satire                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-11\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A form of expression characterised by the use of derision, exaggeration and irony aimed to paint a caricature of a situation, thing or person.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-13-civilization\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-12\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-12\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Civilization                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-12\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-12\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A state and system of advanced development in a society characterized by complex organisation, high urbanization and a system of communication beyond the natural language.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-14-cultural-hierarchy\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-13\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-13\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Cultural hierarchy                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-13\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-13\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A structure that organizes the outcomes of cultural practice (text of culture, activities, beliefs, aesthetics, etc.) according to their level of sophistication and advancement based on the established decorum, eligibility, and function.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-15-habitus\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-14\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-14\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Habitus                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-14\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-14\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Socially formed dispositions that structure an individual\u2019s life environment and an individual\u2019s propensities to feel, think and act in specific (pre-determined) ways.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-16-homogeneity\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-15\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-15\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Homogeneity                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-15\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-15\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A quality or state of being uniform that is of a similar (or identical) nature; of the same type or kind.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-17-marxism\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-16\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-16\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Marxism                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-16\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-16\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>A method of cultural analysis aimed at the criticism of political and economic influences on social standards, especially socio-economic injustices and their related effects. Marxism is founded on materialist interpretation (historical materialism \/ dialectical materialism) used to unravel the myopia of capitalism and the economic manipulation the capitalist systems entail. As an intellectual trend and philosophical approach, Marxism addresses a number of ethical issues including the value of labour, creative energies and human activity.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-18-structuralism\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-17\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-17\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Structuralism                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-17\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-17\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>This is considered a perception and study of the world in terms of structures, believing in the existence of universal and underlying structures generated by the human mind and manifesting themselves in the form of meaningful units and rules. Structuralism emerged from linguistics and spread into anthropology, psychology and sciences to organize the study of human phenomena.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-19-post-structuralism\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-18\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-18\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Post-structuralism                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-18\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-18\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>This is considered a set of intellectual developments in reaction to structuralism founded on the scepticism of universal structures as the object and method of study. It proposed and invested into alternative perspectives dubbed \u201csubjugated knowledges\u201d giving rise to many radical philosophies (feminism, critical Marxism etc.) and putting a play in the centre of study as an indication of a constant change in factors at the foundation of cultural standards and symbols.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-20-base\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-19\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-19\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Base                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-19\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-19\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>In the Marxist view on social organisation, base stands for the economy and modes of production (e.g. feudal, capitalist).<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-21-superstructure\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-20\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-20\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Superstructure                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-20\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-20\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>In the Marxist view of social organisation, superstructure represents social, cultural, legal and other arrangements which operate in relation to a particular economic base.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-22-consumption\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-21\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-21\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Consumption                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-21\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-21\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>The ultimate goal and effect of the production process based on the acquisition of content, goods or services and their utilization in a predesigned manner. Consumption is believed to be a lifestyle and a form of the social economy characteristic of mass culture and industrialized large-scale production with an impact on meaning formation.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-23-gender\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-22\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-22\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Gender                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-22\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-22\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>This is believed to be a personal identification of one\u2019s sex in opposition to a person\u2019s natal sex defining people as male, female or intersex. Gender is an individualized approach to sexual identity influenced by the cultural understanding of the sexes and their social roles. Such an understanding may cause both limitations (reducing gender to the male-female binary) and liberations (offering broader interpretations of natal sex, the most common being transgender, non-binary and gender-neutral). Most importantly, gender is reflective of the cultural significations of human biology with regard to social practice and individual psychology.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-24-intersectionality\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-23\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-23\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Intersectionality                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-23\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-23\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>An approach for analysing the relationship between individuals, groups, and social factors responsible for patterns of social privilege and discrimination. Intersectionality provides a framework to understand the mechanisms of advantage and disadvantage in relation to social identity, and how it is formed by prejudice, entitlement and other favourable or unfavourable social biases. It has been used in the study of racial issues, minority problems and marginalisation.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-25-race\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-24\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-24\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Race                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-24\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-24\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>An anthropological category of human traits based on physical traits and qualities considered representative of a specific group. It is also a category of cultural discrimination and social injustice leading to political conflicts and economic exploitation.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-26-xenophobia\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-25\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-25\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Xenophobia                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-25\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-25\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>An unfounded prejudice against people of a certain ethnicity, physiognomy, culture or orientation leading to social conflicts and discrimination.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-27-materiality\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-26\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-26\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Materiality                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-26\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-26\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>The physical quality of objects responsible for the objects\u2019 affordances and further uses and meanings in cultural environments. It is also a consequence by means of which cultural artifacts interact with social contexts and impact the social organisation.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-28-nature\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-27\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-27\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Nature                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-27\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-27\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>This stands for the phenomena of the natural world not made by people and an environment uninfluenced by human activity. In cultural studies, it represents opposition to the curated development of the human represented by upbringing, education and other \u201ccultured\u201d influences.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-29-anthropocene\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-28\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-28\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Anthropocene                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-28\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-28\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>The current geological era \u2018notorious\u2019 for human devastating influence on the planet.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3 id=\"anchor-30-capitalocene\">\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-29\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-29\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Capitalocene                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-29\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69ca2d5f2d7fc-29\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>The socio-economic period in modern history since 1400s responsible for the systemic and organizational changes in natural environment by means of its specific organization or labour and work system (based on the Industrial Revolution).<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n<\/div><!--end panel group-->\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"template":"single-content.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-48","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/culturaltheory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/48","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/culturaltheory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/culturaltheory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/culturaltheory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}