{"id":335,"date":"2023-11-16T14:52:59","date_gmt":"2023-11-16T14:52:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/bpscoretextbooks\/?post_type=content&#038;p=335"},"modified":"2025-03-25T09:46:29","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T09:46:29","slug":"chapter-4-self-and-identity-in-cyberspace","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/9780367552299\/chapter-4-self-and-identity-in-cyberspace\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 4 &#8211; Self and Identity in Cyberspace"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#eedbd1;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tHome\n<\/span><\/div>\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 4 &#8211; Self and Identity in Cyberspace<\/h1>\n\n\n<p>This chapter will introduce the main theories of the self and identity in cyberspace. In recent years our relationship with the online world has changed substantially, firstly with much larger numbers accessing social media but now, in the aftermath of COVID-19, its use for education, counselling, working, and of course socialising has transformed our experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The role of identity in identifiable settings, where one&#8217;s identity is known, is compared to anonymous environments, where identity is not known. It is designed to show how specific personality types use the Internet and how the Internet, especially social media, allows us to manage who we want to be online. It will highlight how we can use self-enhancing tools to show ourselves in a positive light, using impression management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Chapter Summary<\/summary>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identity and Self<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The development of one\u2019s self-concept, including one\u2019s thoughts and feelings about oneself.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the online world, the role of identity is where multiple aspects of self can be expressed, which include:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Actual self \u2013 the characteristics that an individual does actually possess;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ideal self \u2013 the characteristics that an individual would like to possess;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ought self&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;the characteristics that an individual feels they should possess.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In an identifiable environment, where a person\u2019s identity is known, any deviance from established social norms may be punished or ridiculed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In a fully anonymous online world where responsibility is absent, the masks people wear offline are often discarded and their \u2018true\u2019 selves are allowed to emerge. &nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Online Behaviour Theories<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Equalisation hypothesis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Removal of social cues due to anonymity of online communication.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduction in stereotypes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increase in social power online.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) Theory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The importance of situational explicit variables in a social situation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complete anonymity will lead to greater group salience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Partial identification of group members will lead some members to identify more strongly with certain members than others.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SIDE Theory proposes that in order to achieve goal-directed groups, each member strives for the group\u2019s goal and not their personal goal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impression Management<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Impression management is selectively self-presenting or editing messages to reveal socially desirable attitudes and dimensions of the self.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Impression management may be affected by several factors, including the effect of anonymous versus identifiable environment, identity, and self-development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The role of anonymity in the online world can have both positive and negative effects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative aspects of anonymity include increases in aggressive behaviour.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A positive effect is the role of privacy and autonomy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Within the area of impression management, a person\u2019s willingness to deceive is paramount.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Broadcasting: one-to-many with the primary flow outwards from the one and communicating involves one-to-few with reciprocal exchanges.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identifiable Online Environments<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Facebook selves appear to be highly socially desirable identities that people desire to have in the real world but cannot achieve.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Internet dating is where individuals have to find a balance between presenting \u2018the best self\u2019 on their profile and providing precise information.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identities produced on Internet dating sites differ from the identities produced in face-to-face situations, because people on Internet dating sites tend to \u2018stretch the truth a bit\u2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Perceptions that others are lying may encourage reciprocal deception, because users will exaggerate to the extent that they feel others are exaggerating or deceiving.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facebook is another identifiable online environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-query alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow\"><ul class=\"wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow\"><li class=\"wp-block-post post-391 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-40 resource-type-weblinks\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 4 &#8211; Useful Websites<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content alignwide wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Mario Rodriguez speaks about Facebook Privacy and Identity \u2013 Exploring your digital self: at TEDxStetsonU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uFAigWTeX5Y\">www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uFAigWTeX5Y<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Christopher \u2018moot\u2019 Poole is the founder of 4chan and discusses the case of online anonymity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/christopher_m00t_poole_the_case_for_anonymity_online\">www.ted.com\/talks\/christopher_m00t_poole_the_case_for_anonymity_online<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-390 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-40 resource-type-further-reading\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 4 &#8211; Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content alignwide wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Minas Michikyan focuses on the role of social media in psychosocial development and adjustment in emerging adulthood where emerging adults who experienced both identity coherence and identity confusion reported presenting the false self on Facebook motivated by self-exploration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Michikyan, M. (2020). Linking online self-presentation to identity coherence, identity confusion, and social anxiety in emerging adulthood. Br J Dev Psychol, 38: 543\u2013565.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjdp.12337\" title=\"\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjdp.12337<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/action\/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Perfumi%2C+Serena+Coppolino\">Serena Coppolino Perfumi<\/a> discusses the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE model) and provides an important lens through which Internet researchers can study computer-mediated interactions. This model is particularly important in explaining the dynamics that can take place when individuals communicate via computer or, for example, utilize social media platforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Perfumi, S.C. (2020). Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects and Media Use. In The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, J. Bulck (Ed.).\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119011071.iemp0151\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119011071.iemp0151<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In this study, Nicole Strimbu and Michael O\u2019Connell seek to broaden the understanding of self-concept as a predictor of online self-presentation by expanding upon previous research with adolescents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Strimbu, N. and O\u2019Connell, M. (2019). The relationship between self-concept and online self-presentation in Adults. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/journal\/cyber\">Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/toc\/cyber\/22\/12\">22, 12<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2019.0328\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cyber.2019.0328<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-389 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-40 resource-type-audio-and-video-links\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 4 &#8211;  Audio and Video links<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content alignwide wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Video links<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Sqq-LGgyGZ4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Sqq-LGgyGZ4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Digital identity \u2013 weighing the risks of misuse and missed use by Dakota Gruener&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CSpyZor-Byk\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CSpyZor-Byk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How social media shapes identity by Ulrike Schultze.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ikGVWEvUzNM\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ikGVWEvUzNM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Identity and the masks we wear. Can the same be said online?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Jjos9WYKoM0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Jjos9WYKoM0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A personal journey into cyberspace and explore how games such as Final Fantasy XIV can help LGBTQIA+ people by providing safe spaces, community, and opportunities for self-expression.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-250 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-40 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 4 &#8211; Essay questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content alignwide wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\">\n<li>Analyse the varying selves that exist in the online world compared to the real world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare and contrast the Equalisation Hypothesis and the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evaluate the positive and negative effects of anonymity in social network sites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2018Impression management could not exist without anonymity in the online world.\u2019 Examine your answer with regard to current research.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\">Chapter 4 &#8211; Quiz<\/h2>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"4\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"4\",\"quiz_name\":\"9780367552299 - Chapter 4\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"4\",\"pagekey\":\"hbkHIKK6\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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10\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Identifying data from online communication\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Spoken communication in online communication\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Visual communication in online communication\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"All of the above\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-4 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm4\" id=\"quizForm4\" action=\"\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/335\/\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_4\" value=\"6785266a45\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_4\" value=\"69cf8eed07990\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-48 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What is an identifiable environment?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question48-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question48\" id=\"question48_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question48_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAn environment where everyone can see who you are\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question48-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question48\" id=\"question48_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question48_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA website\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question48-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question48\" id=\"question48_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question48_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAn environment where a person\u2019s identity is known\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question48-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question48\" id=\"question48_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question48_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA place in Silicon Valley\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question48_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question48\" id=\"question48_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_48\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-49 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The Equalisation Hypothesis suggests that the removal of social cues leads to what?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question49-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question49\" id=\"question49_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question49_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBetter profile photos\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question49-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question49\" id=\"question49_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question49_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncreased social power in the online world\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question49-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question49\" id=\"question49_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question49_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLess time spent on social networking sites\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question49-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question49\" id=\"question49_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question49_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncreased work productivity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question49_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question49\" id=\"question49_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_49\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-50 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>SIDE theory suggests that group cohesion will exist if complete ___________________exists. Fill in the missing word.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question50-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question50\" id=\"question50_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question50_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFantasy\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question50-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question50\" id=\"question50_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question50_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHonesty\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question50-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question50\" id=\"question50_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question50_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDistrust\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question50-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question50\" id=\"question50_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question50_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAnonymity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question50_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question50\" id=\"question50_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_50\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-51 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Selectively self-presenting to reveal socially desirable attitudes and dimensions of the self is known as?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question51-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question51_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tImpression management\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question51-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question51_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tImpression making\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question51-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question51_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tImpressing your boss\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question51-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question51_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCovert operations\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question51_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question51\" id=\"question51_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_51\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-52 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Zhao, Grasmuck and Martin (2008) challenge the distinction between which two selves?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question52-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question52_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tReal and virtual\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question52-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question52_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tActual and fantasy\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question52-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question52_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAmazing and awful\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question52-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question52_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tReal and pretend\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question52_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question52\" id=\"question52_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_52\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-53 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Individual communication styles vary. What type of personalities are self\u2013focused?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question53-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question53_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEmotional\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question53-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question53_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBroadcasters\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question53-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question53_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIntroverts\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question53-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question53_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tConscientious\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question53_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question53\" id=\"question53_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_53\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-54 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Communicators are more likely to have anchored relationships compared to broadcasters. What type of online interactions are they likely to participate in?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question54-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question54_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCommunication focused solely on them\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question54-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question54_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLittle or no communication online\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question54-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question54_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDisinterested in other people\u2019s opinions\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question54-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question54_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFocus on maintenance of strong close-knit social friendships\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question54_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question54\" id=\"question54_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_54\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-55 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What is a person\u2019s identity?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question55-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question55_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPurchasing a driver's licence\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question55-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question55_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBuilding self\u2013confidence in others\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question55-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question55_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment of a person's self-concept, including their thoughts and feelings about themselves\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question55-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question55_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWhether they possess high or low self-esteem\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question55_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question55\" id=\"question55_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_55\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-56 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Higgins (1987) proposes the self in which three domains?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question56-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question56_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse, ideal and pretend\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question56-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question56_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue, idolised and false\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question56-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question56_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDesired, actual and false\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question56-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question56_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tActual, ideal and ought\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question56_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question56\" id=\"question56_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_56\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-57 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which type of anonymity does technical or discursive anonymity refer to?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question57-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question57_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIdentifying data from online communication\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question57-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question57_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSpoken communication in online communication\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question57-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question57_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tVisual communication in online communication\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question57-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question57_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question57_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question57\" id=\"question57_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_57\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"48Q49Q50Q51Q52Q53Q54Q55Q56Q57Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time's up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This chapter will introduce the main theories of the self and identity in cyberspace. In recent years our relationship with the online world has changed substantially, firstly with much larger numbers accessing social media but now, in the aftermath of COVID-19, its use for education, counselling, working, and of course socialising has transformed our experience. 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