{"id":3148,"date":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/bpscoretextbooks\/content\/chapter-9-chronic-illness\/chapter-9-flashcards\/"},"modified":"2026-09-07T15:50:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T15:50:10","slug":"chapter-9-flashcards","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/9781032707433-chapter-9-flashcards\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 9 &#8211; Flashcards"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Eurocentric\" data-back=\"Having a perspective that considers European cultural values, experiences and knowledge as being the norm, overlooking or viewing other cultures and world views less favourably\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Eurocentric<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Having a perspective that considers European cultural values, experiences and knowledge as being the norm, overlooking or viewing other cultures and world views less favourably<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Triglycerides\" data-back=\"A type of fat found in the blood, high levels are linked with heart disease.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Triglycerides<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A type of fat found in the blood, high levels are linked with heart disease.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"LDL cholesterol\" data-back=\"Considered as the &#8216;bad&#8217; type of cholesterol that contributes to atherosclerosis.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>LDL cholesterol<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Considered as the &#8216;bad&#8217; type of cholesterol that contributes to atherosclerosis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"HDL cholesterol\" data-back=\"Considered as the &#8216;good&#8217; type of cholesterol that is protective against heart disease.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>HDL cholesterol<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Considered as the &#8216;good&#8217; type of cholesterol that is protective against heart disease.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"High demand low control job\" data-back=\"Working under higher pressure (psychological or physical), but having little no decision-making ability, which can contribute to stress.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>High demand low control job<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Working under higher pressure (psychological or physical), but having little no decision-making ability, which can contribute to stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Zero hours contract\" data-back=\"A work contract with no guaranteed hours, workers are only paid for the hours that they work, which can lead to financial worries and stress.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Zero hours contract<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A work contract with no guaranteed hours, workers are only paid for the hours that they work, which can lead to financial worries and stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Jon control\" data-back=\"The amount of autonomy a person has over when and how they work,\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Jon control<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The amount of autonomy a person has over when and how they work,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"C-reactive protein\" data-back=\"A marker in the blood that provides an indication of inflammation and can be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>C-reactive protein<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A marker in the blood that provides an indication of inflammation and can be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Metabolic syndrome\" data-back=\"A cluster of conditions that include abdominal fat, hypertension and high LDL cholesterol.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Metabolic syndrome<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A cluster of conditions that include abdominal fat, hypertension and high LDL cholesterol.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Unconscious bias\" data-back=\"Discriminatory attitudes, behaviours and or prejudice towards others that the person is unaware of.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Unconscious bias<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Discriminatory attitudes, behaviours and or prejudice towards others that the person is unaware of.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Conscious bias\" data-back=\"Deliberate discriminatory attitudes, behaviours  and or prejudice that towards others.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Conscious bias<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Deliberate discriminatory attitudes, behaviours  and or prejudice that towards others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Pharmacological trials\" data-back=\"Research studies used to test the safety or efficacy of medications in humans.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Pharmacological trials<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research studies used to test the safety or efficacy of medications in humans.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Hepatitis C\" data-back=\"A viral infection that causes liver inflammation, which can lead to cancer\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Hepatitis C<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A viral infection that causes liver inflammation, which can lead to cancer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Dementia\" data-back=\"A group of progressive diseases that affect memory and everyday tasks.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Dementia<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A group of progressive diseases that affect memory and everyday tasks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Herpes papilloma virus\" data-back=\"A sexually transmitted infection, some types can increase the risk of cervical, head and neck cancers.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Herpes papilloma virus<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A sexually transmitted infection, some types can increase the risk of cervical, head and neck cancers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Cervical screening\" data-back=\"A test to detect cervical cancer at an asymptomatic stage, it involves a cervical smear test.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Cervical screening<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A test to detect cervical cancer at an asymptomatic stage, it involves a cervical smear test.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Breast screening\" data-back=\"Involves the use of a special x-ray (mammogram) to detect breast cancer at an asymptomatic stage.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Breast screening<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Involves the use of a special x-ray (mammogram) to detect breast cancer at an asymptomatic stage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Secondary data\" data-back=\"Data that has already been collected by someone else as part of a large dataset that can be used at a later date for research purposes.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Secondary data<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Data that has already been collected by someone else as part of a large dataset that can be used at a later date for research purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Bowel screening\" data-back=\"A test to detect bowel cancer at a asymptomatic stage, usually involves collection of a very small sample of poo that is tested for hidden blood.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Bowel screening<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A test to detect bowel cancer at a asymptomatic stage, usually involves collection of a very small sample of poo that is tested for hidden blood.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Capacity\" data-back=\"An individual&#8217;s; ability to understand, retain and consider information to make an informed decision about healthcare.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Capacity<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An individual&#8217;s; ability to understand, retain and consider information to make an informed decision about healthcare.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Prostate cancer screening\" data-back=\"A test used to detect prostate cancer, usually involves a blood test and rectal examination.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Prostate cancer screening<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A test used to detect prostate cancer, usually involves a blood test and rectal examination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Visceral fat\" data-back=\"Fat that is stored around the internal organs and is associated with a increased risk of heart disease.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Visceral fat<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Fat that is stored around the internal organs and is associated with a increased risk of heart disease.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Subcutaneous fat\" data-back=\"Fat that is stored just underneath the skin, less harmful than visceral fat.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Subcutaneous fat<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Fat that is stored just underneath the skin, less harmful than visceral fat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Abdominal obesity\" data-back=\"An excess of fat around the waistline, which is linked with obesity, increased cardiovascular disease and T2DM.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Abdominal obesity<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An excess of fat around the waistline, which is linked with obesity, increased cardiovascular disease and T2DM.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Anti-psychotic medication\" data-back=\"Prescribed drugs used to treat symptoms associated with server mental health conditions.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Anti-psychotic medication<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Prescribed drugs used to treat symptoms associated with server mental health conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"HbA1c\" data-back=\"A blood test that provides an average measure of blood glucose over the previous two or three months.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>HbA1c<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A blood test that provides an average measure of blood glucose over the previous two or three months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_85a1058f73316950127deb22bf5f9f4e\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" 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