{"id":3147,"date":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/bpscoretextbooks\/content\/chapter-8-stress-and-coping\/chapter-8-flashcards\/"},"modified":"2026-09-07T15:49:05","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T15:49:05","slug":"chapter-8-flashcards","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/9781032707433-chapter-8-flashcards\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 8 &#8211; Flashcards"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Discrimination\" data-back=\"the unfair or unequal treatment of individuals or groups based on ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, being from an Indigenous group.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Discrimination<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the unfair or unequal treatment of individuals or groups based on ethnicity, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, being from an Indigenous group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Stigma\" data-back=\"a negative attitude or belief that someone holds about others who are perceived to be different.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Stigma<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a negative attitude or belief that someone holds about others who are perceived to be different.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Stress\" data-back=\"A stimulus or event that is external to the person that triggers a stress response. Stress can also be a physiology response of the body to a stressful event or situation. Stress can be the relationship between the stressor and the person&#8217;s perceived ability to cope with it.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Stress<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A stimulus or event that is external to the person that triggers a stress response. Stress can also be a physiology response of the body to a stressful event or situation. Stress can be the relationship between the stressor and the person&#8217;s perceived ability to cope with it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Homeostasis\" data-back=\"The body&#8217;s stable internal (resting) environment.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Homeostasis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body&#8217;s stable internal (resting) environment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"General Adaptation System\" data-back=\"A three-stage model (alarm, resistance and exhaustion) to explain how the body responds physiologically to stress.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>General Adaptation System<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A three-stage model (alarm, resistance and exhaustion) to explain how the body responds physiologically to stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Allostatic load\" data-back=\"The cumulation of the wear and tear on the body because of exposure to chronic stress.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Allostatic load<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The cumulation of the wear and tear on the body because of exposure to chronic stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Primary appraisal\" data-back=\"The initial stage in the cognitive evaluation of a stressor, that is used to judge whether the stressor is irrelevant, benign and positive, a threat and harmful or a threat and a challenge.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Primary appraisal<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The initial stage in the cognitive evaluation of a stressor, that is used to judge whether the stressor is irrelevant, benign and positive, a threat and harmful or a threat and a challenge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Secondary appraisal\" data-back=\"After primary appraisal, secondary appraisal involves the assessment of perceived ability to cope and available resources.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Secondary appraisal<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>After primary appraisal, secondary appraisal involves the assessment of perceived ability to cope and available resources.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Coping styles\" data-back=\"How people generally respond to stressful events,\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Coping styles<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>How people generally respond to stressful events,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Approach coping\" data-back=\"Directly dealing with the stressful event.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Approach coping<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Directly dealing with the stressful event.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Avoidant coping\" data-back=\"Trying to ignore the stressful event by engaging in other activities.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Avoidant coping<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Trying to ignore the stressful event by engaging in other activities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Problem focused coping\" data-back=\"Taking direct action to deal with the stressors by focusing on the stressor.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Problem focused coping<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Taking direct action to deal with the stressors by focusing on the stressor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Emotion focused coping\" data-back=\"Trying to change the emotional response to stress, rather than dealing with the problem directly.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Emotion focused coping<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Trying to change the emotional response to stress, rather than dealing with the problem directly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Social support\" data-back=\"Help received from others to buffer stress that can be emotional, instrumental, informational, appraisal and companionship.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Social support<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Help received from others to buffer stress that can be emotional, instrumental, informational, appraisal and companionship.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Psychoneuroimmunology\" data-back=\"How psychological factors, the immune system and nervous system are interrelated and exert impacts on  immune status.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Psychoneuroimmunology<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>How psychological factors, the immune system and nervous system are interrelated and exert impacts on  immune status.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Physiological reactivity\" data-back=\"The extent to which an individual&#8217;s physiological systems respond to stress.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Physiological reactivity<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The extent to which an individual&#8217;s physiological systems respond to stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Cardiovascular reactivity\" data-back=\"Changes to heart rate and blood pressure because of stress.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Cardiovascular reactivity<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Changes to heart rate and blood pressure because of stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Microaggressions\" data-back=\"Subtle day to say discriminatory events that can be intentional or unintentional.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Microaggressions<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Subtle day to say discriminatory events that can be intentional or unintentional.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Type A behaviour pattern\" data-back=\"Associated with individuals who are competitive, ambitious, perfectionists and time driven.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Type A behaviour pattern<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Associated with individuals who are competitive, ambitious, perfectionists and time driven.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Type B behaviour pattern\" data-back=\"Associated with individuals who have low levels of competitiveness, relaxed and easy going.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Type B behaviour pattern<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Associated with individuals who have low levels of competitiveness, relaxed and easy going.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Hardiness\" data-back=\"People who are resilient to stress due to commitment, control and challenge.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Hardiness<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>People who are resilient to stress due to commitment, control and challenge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Dispositional optimism\" data-back=\"People who have a general expectation that good things will happen in the future, they docus on positive outcomes.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Dispositional optimism<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>People who have a general expectation that good things will happen in the future, they docus on positive outcomes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Identity concealment\" data-back=\"Intentionally hiding some aspect of identity, often to avoid discrimination or stigma.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Identity concealment<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Intentionally hiding some aspect of identity, often to avoid discrimination or stigma.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Structural oppression\" data-back=\"Laws, systems, organisational in society unfairly disadvantage minoritised groups.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Structural oppression<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Laws, systems, organisational in society unfairly disadvantage minoritised groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Internalised stigma\" data-back=\"The individual believes and feels ashamed and accepts the negative beliefs that others express about some aspect of their identity.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Internalised stigma<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The individual believes and feels ashamed and accepts the negative beliefs that others express about some aspect of their identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_93a81fba516368430c29a2fd91cf8bfa\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon 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