{"id":3142,"date":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/bpscoretextbooks\/content\/chapter-3-methods-and-issues-in-research\/chapter-3-flashcards\/"},"modified":"2026-09-07T15:40:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T15:40:23","slug":"chapter-3-flashcards","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/9781032707433-chapter-3-flashcards\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 3 &#8211; Flashcards"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Epidemiology\" data-back=\"the study of how diseases occur, spread, affect people and are controlled.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Epidemiology<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the study of how diseases occur, spread, affect people and are controlled.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Prevalence\" data-back=\"The number of people with a disease at a given time.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Prevalence<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The number of people with a disease at a given time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Incidence\" data-back=\"The number of new cases of a disease at a given time.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Incidence<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The number of new cases of a disease at a given time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Ontology\" data-back=\"What exists, what we believe is real can be studied.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Ontology<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>What exists, what we believe is real can be studied.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Epistemology\" data-back=\"How we gain knowledge about things.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>How we gain knowledge about things.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Objective measurements\" data-back=\"Data that are collected in a way that is unbiased, not affected by thoughts, emotions or opinions.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Objective measurements<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Data that are collected in a way that is unbiased, not affected by thoughts, emotions or opinions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Subjectivity\" data-back=\"Results that are influence by personal thoughts, emotions or opinions.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Subjectivity<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Results that are influence by personal thoughts, emotions or opinions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Quantitative methods\" data-back=\"Ways to collect numerical data that are analysed using statistical methods.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Quantitative methods<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Ways to collect numerical data that are analysed using statistical methods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Hypothesis\" data-back=\"A statement or prediction that is testable using statistical methods.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Hypothesis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A statement or prediction that is testable using statistical methods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Qualitative methods\" data-back=\"Ways to collect words, pictures, documents to understand meaning and experiences.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Qualitative methods<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Ways to collect words, pictures, documents to understand meaning and experiences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Research question\" data-back=\"An exploratory statement that a qualitative study will address.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Research question<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An exploratory statement that a qualitative study will address.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Central tendency\" data-back=\"A summary statistic, usually the mean, mode or median.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Central tendency<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A summary statistic, usually the mean, mode or median.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Standard deviation\" data-back=\"A statistic that shows how scores or values are spread out from the mean.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Standard deviation<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A statistic that shows how scores or values are spread out from the mean.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Validity\" data-back=\"The extent to which a questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Validity<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The extent to which a questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Reliability\" data-back=\"How consistent the score of a questionnaire is over time and how well items in a questionnaire are related.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Reliability<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>How consistent the score of a questionnaire is over time and how well items in a questionnaire are related.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Longitudinal study\" data-back=\"A study conducted over a period of time with the same people providing data at different timepoints, used to see if things change over time.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Longitudinal study<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A study conducted over a period of time with the same people providing data at different timepoints, used to see if things change over time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Placebo\" data-back=\"An inert substance, such as a tablet that contains no active ingredient.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Placebo<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An inert substance, such as a tablet that contains no active ingredient.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Inclusion criteria\" data-back=\"The specific characteristics that a person must meet to take part in a study. The specific characteristics that studies must met to be included in a systematic review.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Inclusion criteria<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The specific characteristics that a person must meet to take part in a study. The specific characteristics that studies must met to be included in a systematic review.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Exclusion criteria\" data-back=\"The specific characteristics that prevent a person from taking part in a study. The specific characteristics that prevent studies from being included in a systematic review.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Exclusion criteria<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The specific characteristics that prevent a person from taking part in a study. The specific characteristics that prevent studies from being included in a systematic review.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Narrative synthesis\" data-back=\"A non statistical way of summarising the findings of a systematic review.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Narrative synthesis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A non statistical way of summarising the findings of a systematic review.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Meta analysis\" data-back=\"A method that combines the statistical results of studies that have been included within a systematic review.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Meta analysis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method that combines the statistical results of studies that have been included within a systematic review.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Primary outcome measure\" data-back=\"The measure that the researcher considers to be the most important of several outcomes in a study.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Primary outcome measure<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The measure that the researcher considers to be the most important of several outcomes in a study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Meta-synthesis\" data-back=\"A method that combines and synthesises the findings from individual qualitative studies that have been included with a systematic review.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Meta-synthesis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method that combines and synthesises the findings from individual qualitative studies that have been included with a systematic review.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Purposeful sampling\" data-back=\"Selecting participants on the basis that they have specific knowledge or experience of the topic or area that they study is addressing.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Purposeful sampling<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Selecting participants on the basis that they have specific knowledge or experience of the topic or area that they study is addressing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Trustworthiness\" data-back=\"Four aspects of trustworthiness, credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability are used to assess the validity of qualitative studies, with the addition of reflexivity,\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Trustworthiness<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Four aspects of trustworthiness, credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability are used to assess the validity of qualitative studies, with the addition of reflexivity,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Mixed methods\" data-back=\"The use of quantitative and qualitative methods in the same study.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Mixed methods<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The use of quantitative and qualitative methods in the same study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Yarning\" data-back=\"An Indigenous method of qualitative data collection that uses a respectful conversational technique.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Yarning<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An Indigenous method of qualitative data collection that uses a respectful conversational technique.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Theory building\" data-back=\"A process in which ideas and explanations are synthesised to understand behaviour.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Theory building<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A process in which ideas and explanations are synthesised to understand behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Evaluation framework\" data-back=\"A structured plan used to check whether a research project or intervention achieved the intended goals.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Evaluation framework<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A structured plan used to check whether a research project or intervention achieved the intended goals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Participatory research methods\" data-back=\"Research that is conducted in collaboration with participants, who may help with the planning, study design, data collection, analysis and or dissemination.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Participatory research methods<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research that is conducted in collaboration with participants, who may help with the planning, study design, data collection, analysis and or dissemination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Cultural centredness\" data-back=\"Research that places people&#8217;s values, culture and knowledge at the heart of research.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Cultural centredness<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research that places people&#8217;s values, culture and knowledge at the heart of research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Community engagement\" data-back=\"Working with communities in a culturally respectful way, can include research and or intervention development.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Community engagement<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Working with communities in a culturally respectful way, can include research and or intervention development.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Systems thinking\" data-back=\"Looking at various aspect of systems within a groups or society are interconnected.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Systems thinking<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Looking at various aspect of systems within a groups or society are interconnected.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Integrated knowledge transition\" data-back=\"Working in partnership with communities or organisations to ensure that knowledge gin through research is shared throughout the research process and not just at the end of a study.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Integrated knowledge transition<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Working in partnership with communities or organisations to ensure that knowledge gin through research is shared throughout the research process and not just at the end of a study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Social determinants of health\" data-back=\"Non-medical factors that can have impacts on health, for example, poverty, educational level, housing access to healthcare.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Social determinants of health<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Non-medical factors that can have impacts on health, for example, poverty, educational level, housing access to healthcare.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Replications crisis\" data-back=\"The inability of researchers to repeat a study and get the same or similar results.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Replications crisis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The inability of researchers to repeat a study and get the same or similar results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"p-hacking\" data-back=\"Conducting multiple statistical analyses to find a result that is significant, rather than testing the originally specified hypotheses.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>p-hacking<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Conducting multiple statistical analyses to find a result that is significant, rather than testing the originally specified hypotheses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"HARKing\" data-back=\"When researchers change the hypotheses of a study after seeing the results.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>HARKing<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>When researchers change the hypotheses of a study after seeing the results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Pre-registration\" data-back=\"Placing the study methods and data analysis plans or the protocol for a systematic review in a open research forum.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Pre-registration<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_0246ed5aa696a3ad837179b2d2bcee78\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Placing the study methods and data analysis plans or the protocol for a systematic review in a open 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