{"id":2857,"date":"2026-06-19T07:29:09","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T07:29:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/bpscoretextbooks\/?post_type=content&#038;p=2857"},"modified":"2026-06-23T15:25:35","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T15:25:35","slug":"reflective-questions","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/9781032933450-reflective-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"Reflective Questions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow\"><ul class=\"wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow\"><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2868 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 1 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In what ways did phrenology reflect both Enlightenment ideals and nineteenth-century social anxieties?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why was phrenology so compelling to different groups, including reformers, scientists, entrepreneurs, and the general public?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does phrenology teach us about the risks of reductionism in psychology?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did phrenology contribute to, and benefit from, existing power structures such as racism, sexism, and colonialism?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can you think of contemporary examples where psychological or neuroscientific claims might be reductionist in a similar way?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2919 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 10 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does the concept of\u00a0\u2018companion species\u2019\u00a0reveal about the relationship between researcher and animal in psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did Pavlov\u2019s dogs\u2014and their reactions after the flood\u2014disrupt the assumption that conditioning is purely mechanical?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can animals be considered co-authors of psychological knowledge? If so, what are the implications for experimental design and scientific ethics?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do cases like Clever Hans or Alex the parrot complicate the boundary between understanding and interpretation?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How might Barbara Smuts\u2019\u00a0or Jane Goodall\u2019s approach to animal research exemplify the idea of\u00a0\u2018situated knowledge\u2019?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2920 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 11 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why did behaviourism become so dominant in American psychology, and what cultural or institutional factors helped sustain it?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Thomas Kuhn\u2019s concept of a \u2018paradigm\u2019 help us understand the rise and fall of behaviourism?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What were the main epistemological assumptions of behaviourism, and how did they limit what counted as psychological knowledge?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did behaviourism act as a form of disciplinary power, and how might we critically assess its social uses?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the work of John Garcia disrupt behaviourist assumptions, and why was his research initially ignored?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2921 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 12 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does the concept of biopower help us understand about psychology\u2019s role in eugenics?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did intelligence testing support systems of social inequality in the 20th century?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did eugenics\u00a0operate\u00a0differently in Britain, the United States, and Scandinavia?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is it important to include dissenting voices, like Leta Hollingworth\u2019s, in the history of psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the legacies of eugenic thinking in psychology today?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2922 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 13 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does the concept of \u2018psychosomatic protest\u2019 reveal about the meaning of shell shock symptoms?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did class and military rank influence the diagnosis and treatment of shell shock during the First World War?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did the treatment approaches of Rivers and Yealland reflect broader systems of power and control?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the concept of moral injury help us understand the long-term psychological impact of war on soldiers?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role did literature and poetry play in shaping public understanding of shell shock?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2923 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 14 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did early industrial psychologists shape the definition of a \u2018productive\u2019 worker?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways were psychological tests in the workplace mimetic rather than\u00a0objective?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does Foucault\u2019s idea of \u2018technologies of the self\u2019 reveal about the power of psychological classification?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did gender influence the design and application of industrial psychology, especially in the work of Lillian Gilbreth?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can contemporary workplace assessments\u2014such as psychometric profiling or performance targets\u2014be understood as continuations of early industrial psychology?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2924 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 15 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How has the dominant psychological model of the\u00a0self changed\u00a0from the 19th to the 21st century, and what social or economic factors have driven this shift?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does Warren Susman\u2019s concept of the\u00a0\u2018modal self\u2019\u00a0help us understand about the relationship between psychology and culture?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To what extent can contemporary personality assessments (e.g. the Big Five, Emotional Intelligence) be seen as tools of empowerment versus tools of conformity?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do different psychological models define what it means to be a\u00a0\u2018normal\u2019\u00a0person? What assumptions do they make about gender, race, class, or ability?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What forms of power\u00a0operate\u00a0through personality psychology, and how have they shifted across the Moral, Modern, and Post-Modern eras?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2925 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 16 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does the concept of \u2018the Other\u2019 help us reinterpret the voices of female analysands in early psychoanalysis?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does it mean to treat a psychoanalytic case study as a \u2018dialogic performance\u2019 rather than a scientific report?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did Sabina Spielrein\u2019s contributions challenge the dominant, male-authored psychoanalytic canon?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do feminist critiques of the Oedipus complex destabilise Freudian theories of gender and development?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What power dynamics are at play in the relationship between analyst and analysand, especially when the analysand is culturally or politically marginalised?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2926 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 17 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is reification, and why is it particularly relevant to the measurement of psychological constructs?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did statistical tools like the normal distribution and factor analysis influence the development of psychological theory and practice?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did the work of figures like Galton and Fisher both advance and compromise the ethical standing of psychology?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Joel Michell\u2019s critique challenge the legitimacy of psychological measurement?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How can recognising the role of reification help students become more critical consumers of psychological research today?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2927 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 18 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did the lie detector reflect the changing understanding of criminality in early 20th century America?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did William Moulton Marston and\u00a0Leonarde\u00a0Keeler represent different visions of psychological expertise?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does discourse analysis help us understand the lie detector\u00a0not\u00a0as a neutral device, but as a cultural artefact?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What forms of power operated through the use and popularisation of the lie detector, and how were these legitimised?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the history of the lie detector reveal about the relationship between psychology, science, and public trust?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2928 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 19 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What role did the photographic dome play in shaping the concept of \u2018normal\u2019 child development?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the idea of \u2018tools-to-theories\u2019 challenge traditional views of objectivity in developmental psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways can developmental psychology be seen as a form of\u00a0biopower?<em>.<\/em>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How have material objects such as toys or test kits embodied assumptions about gender, class, or race?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What lessons can be drawn from historical practices in child psychology for today\u2019s digital tools for child monitoring and assessment?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2911 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 2 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is naturalism, and in what ways did it help establish psychology as a science?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did Darwinian theory contribute to both the scientific credibility and the social power of psychology?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did early female psychologists challenge the naturalistic fallacy, and why was this important for the development of a more inclusive psychological science?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the Baldwin effect complicate the nature-versus-nurture debate in evolutionary psychology?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What lessons can contemporary biological psychology learn from the historical misapplications of naturalism?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2929 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 20 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How has psychology historically used parapsychology to define its own disciplinary boundaries?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why might figures such as Leonora Piper be considered both central and marginal to the development of psychological knowledge?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did J.B. Rhine\u2019s methods in parapsychology contribute to mainstream psychological science?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the chapter suggest about the ontological status of paranormal phenomena in psychology\u2019s history?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How might the concept of a \u2018haunted discipline\u2019 help us understand the lingering presence of excluded ideas in contemporary psychology?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2930 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 21 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does the concept of \u2018historical ontology\u2019 reveal about the way psychological categories are created and\u00a0maintained?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why did \u2018fugue\u2019 as a psychological category appear and then vanish from psychiatric discourse?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Ian Hacking\u2019s \u2018looping effect\u2019 challenge our understanding of diagnosis and classification in psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do power dynamics influence which psychological categories become legitimate or dominant?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How have categories such as \u2018emotion\u2019 or \u2018intelligence\u2019 changed over time, and what does this suggest about their ontological status?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2931 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 22 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why was Dr John Fryer\u2019s masked appearance at the 1972 APA meeting such a significant moment in the history of diagnosis?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the concept of interpellation reveal about the way psychological diagnoses are created and experienced?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How have patient advocacy and social movements contributed to changes in specific diagnostic categories, such as PTSD or autism?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do epistemological assumptions shape who gets diagnosed, and whose experiences are excluded from diagnostic systems?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is it important to understand psychological disorders as\u00a0\u2018human kinds\u2019\u00a0rather than\u00a0\u2018natural kinds\u2019?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2932 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 23 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does it mean to describe classic social psychology experiments as &#8216;parables&#8217;?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why might the historical and political context of the Cold War have influenced the kinds of research questions social psychologists asked?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the Kitty Genovese story exemplify the role of myth in shaping psychological research?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the epistemological risks of assuming that laboratory behaviour reveals universal truths about human nature?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To what extent do experiments like Milgram\u2019s and Zimbardo\u2019s reinforce existing societal power structures, rather than challenge them?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2933 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 24 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do humanistic and existential therapies differ from earlier forms of psychotherapy, such as behaviourism or psychoanalysis?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways might the concepts of \u2018self-actualisation\u2019 or \u2018personal growth\u2019 be seen as politically and culturally situated?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the significance of using \u2018hermeneutics\u2019\u2014especially the dialectic between trust and suspicion\u2014as a critical thinking tool in this chapter?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did therapists such as Violet Oaklander and Lydia James Myers expand the reach and inclusivity of humanistic psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can therapy be both a site of liberation and a form of social adaptation? How should we hold these tensions as future psychologists?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2934 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 25 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does it mean to say that psychology is never neutral, and how does community psychology exemplify this principle?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Paulo Freire\u2019s concept of \u2018critical consciousness\u2019 influence the theory and practice of community psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways does community psychology rethink the concept of power, and how is this rethinking reflected in its methods?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is the Marienthal study considered a landmark in socially conscious psychological research?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the lives and work of key individuals like Ignacio Mart\u00edn-Bar\u00f3, Carolyn Kagan and Mark Burton illustrate psychology\u2019s potential to contribute to social change?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2935 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 26 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why does the chapter begin with the anecdote of Edward O. Wilson being drenched with water?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the concept of fantasy, as used by \u017di\u017eek, help us understand the enduring appeal of evolutionary psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do critics argue that evolutionary psychology reinforces traditional gender roles?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the chapter contrast the approaches of Edward O. Wilson and Joan Roughgarden?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role does popular science, such as Desmond Morris\u2019s\u00a0<em>Manwatching<\/em>, play in shaping public attitudes toward evolutionary psychology?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2936 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 27 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does Wittgenstein\u2019s concept of a \u2018language game\u2019 reveal about the relationship between language and meaning?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the crisis in psychology during the 1970s open the door for discursive approaches to\u00a0emerge?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways does discursive psychology challenge traditional ideas about the nature of psychological knowledge?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How is power understood and analysed in discursive psychology, particularly in relation to Michel Foucault\u2019s influence?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the implications of treating emotions, attitudes, and identities as discursive performances rather than internal states?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2937 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 28 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does the example of\u00a0<em>fago<\/em>\u00a0on\u00a0Ifaluk\u00a0tell us about the relationship between emotion and culture?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the transformation from \u2018passions\u2019 to \u2018emotions\u2019 change the way psychology approached human feeling?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did feminist theorists such as Arlie Hochschild challenge dominant understandings of emotion?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do discursive psychologists argue that language shapes emotion?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the Critical Thinking Tool of social constructionism help us uncover about emotion?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2938 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 29 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did the military-industrial context of the 1940s and 1950s shape the development of cognitive psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the concept of embodied cognition reveal about the limitations of the \u2018mind as computer\u2019 metaphor?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is Kenneth Craik considered such a pivotal figure in the emergence of cognitive psychology, and what aspects of his work remain overlooked?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways can metaphor serve as both a creative and constraining force in psychological theory?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What might cognitive psychology have looked like if it had taken a more embodied or ecological direction earlier in its history?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2912 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 3 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does it mean to classify criminality as a \u2018natural kind\u2019, and how did<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cesare Lombroso use this classification to support his theory of the born criminal?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did Frances Kellor\u2019s sociological approach challenge the assumptions of criminal anthropology?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is the distinction between natural kinds and human kinds important in understanding the history of psychological science?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role did power play in the formation and application of early criminological theories?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the historical debates around criminal anthropology continue to shape contemporary biological psychology and criminology today?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2939 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 30 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is neoliberal governmentality, and how does it shape the way psychology defines and promotes happiness?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did the pharmaceutical industry reshape public attitudes towards depression in Japan using the phrase \u2018a cold of the soul\u2019?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is Geni N\u00fa\u00f1ez critical of Western psychological models of emotion and flourishing?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the key individuals discussed in the chapter reflect different relationships to power, resistance, and cultural values?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is unhappiness always a problem to be solved, or can it be a legitimate response to structural injustice?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3021 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 31 \u2013 Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does Zygmunt Bauman mean by \u2018liquid modernity\u2019,\u00a0and how does it help us understand changing patterns in romantic relationships?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did early figures like Edward Westermarck and John Bowlby conceptualise love, and in what ways do their theories reflect the \u2018solid modern\u2019 mindset?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the significance of the new vocabulary\u00a0emerging\u00a0around dating (e.g., ghosting, breadcrumbing,\u00a0zombied), and what does it suggest about the ontology of contemporary love?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do power dynamics manifest in liquid relationships, particularly in digital spaces?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can psychology offer a stable theory of love in an unstable world? Or must psychological knowledge evolve with culture?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2940 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 32 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did feminist psychologists expose the ethical failures of mainstream therapeutic practice in the 1970s?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role does \u2018experience\u2019 play in feminist psychology as a form of evidence?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did key feminist thinkers like Carol Gilligan and Sandra Bem challenge psychological assumptions about gender and development?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is \u2018hegemony\u2019,\u00a0and why is it a useful critical tool for analysing psychological knowledge and institutions?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did feminist psychology reimagine the purpose of psychological science itself?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2941 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 33 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did psychology contribute to the pathologisation of LGBTQIA+ identities in the 20th century?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What was the significance of Evelyn Hooker\u2019s research, and how did it challenge mainstream assumptions in psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways has queer theory redefined the way psychologists think about sexuality and gender?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is activism considered a critical thinking tool in the context of LGBTQIA+ psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the story of intersex advocacy reveal about the relationship between medical power, psychological authority, and lived experience?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2942 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 34 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does Black psychology reveal about the relationship between science and power?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways does Critical Race Theory challenge the idea of objectivity in psychological research?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How have key figures in Black psychology used cultural traditions, spirituality, and community as forms of resistance?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the case of Daniel Prude illustrate about the stakes of psychological diagnosis?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How can psychology be reimagined to centre justice, lived experience, and liberation?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2943 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 35 \u2013 Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why did the &#8216;Jennifer Aniston neuron&#8217; generate such excitement both inside and outside psychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is meant by the &#8216;technological sublime&#8217; in the context of cognitive neuropsychology?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the work of Oliver Sacks contrast with the use of fMRI and other forms of brain imaging?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways can the promise of cognitive enhancement be both empowering and ethically troubling?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is it important to recognise the cultural and ideological dimensions of neuroscientific authority?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2944 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 36 \u2013 Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did the replication crisis reveal deeper epistemological flaws in psychology, beyond just methodological errors?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways does the ethical crisis show that psychology has been complicit with systems of power, rather than independent of them?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does the W.E.I.R.D. crisis tell us about the limitations of psychology\u2019s claim to universality?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is the ecological crisis described as an ontological crisis, and how does the looping effect help explain psychology\u2019s role in it?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the legacy crisis demand a shift towards critical historiography, and what does this mean for how psychology understands itself?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2913 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 4 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does Michel Foucault\u2019s critique of the\u00a0\u2018repressive hypothesis\u2019\u00a0change the way we understand Victorian sexuality?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did early sexologists like Krafft-Ebing and\u00a0Havelock\u00a0Ellis contribute to both the medicalisation and normalisation of sexuality?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the difference between a natural kind and a\u00a0human kind, and why is this distinction important when studying sexuality?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does Ian Hacking\u2019s concept of the\u00a0\u2018looping effect\u2019\u00a0reveal about the relationship between classification and self-identity?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do artistic and spiritual traditions (such as\u00a0<em>ars\u00a0erotica<\/em>\u00a0and the Kama Sutra) offer alternative understandings of sexuality compared to scientific sexology?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2914 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 5 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did cultural assumptions about femininity shape the diagnosis and treatment of hysteria in the 19th century?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways can hysteria be understood as a form of social protest?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare and contrast Charcot\u2019s and Freud\u2019s approaches to hysteria. What do their methods reveal about changing ways of knowing in psychology?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why was the abandonment of Freud\u2019s seduction theory controversial, and what does it suggest about the politics of psychological knowledge?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the history of hysteria remain relevant to social psychology today?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2915 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 6 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What\u00a0is meant\u00a0by the\u00a0\u2018metaphysics of measurement\u2019\u00a0and how does this concept challenge the idea that psychological traits are naturally quantifiable?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the laboratories of Wilhelm Wundt and Francis Galton reflect different views about what psychology should be studying?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways can the act of measurement in psychology\u00a0be considered\u00a0to be\u00a0influenced by power?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role did the concept of\u00a0\u2018normality\u2019\u00a0play in Galton\u2019s work, and how does Foucault\u2019s idea of\u00a0\u2018normalisation\u2019\u00a0help us critically understand it?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why might early psychological experiments be better understood as social performances rather than purely objective scientific investigations?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2916 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 7 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does the concept of\u00a0<em>situated knowledge<\/em>\u00a0challenge the idea that psychology is a universal science?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What ethical tensions are revealed by the Torres Straits expedition, and how does it illustrate the problem of applying laboratory methods in the field?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways did psychology contribute to social sorting and classification in schools and factories during the early 20th century?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What kind of subject (or \u2018self\u2019) is constructed in each of the psychological spaces explored in this chapter?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is this history relevant for social psychology today?\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2917 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 8 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does metaphor shape what psychology is able to see and study?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do Freud\u2019s and Horney\u2019s models of the psyche reflect different views on gender and power?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role does biography play in shaping psychological theory?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can psychology ever be free of metaphor? Should it be?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is it important to recover the work of psychologists like Horney and Hollingworth?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2918 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-essay-questions\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 9 &#8211; Reflective Questions<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content is-layout-flow wp-block-post-content-is-layout-flow\">\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why did psychology settle on \u2018intelligence\u2019 as a key category, rather than instinct, reason, or intellect?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does it mean to say that intelligence is a \u2018constructed\u2019 rather than a \u2018discovered\u2019 category?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the metaphor of \u2018social distance\u2019 challenge traditional views of intelligence testing?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways has intelligence testing acted as a form of power in shaping people\u2019s life chances?\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What lessons can the history of intelligence testing teach us about contemporary psychological practices?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"categories":[],"content-type":[39],"parent-book":[48],"resource-type":[30],"class_list":["post-2857","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","content-type-collection","parent-book-48","resource-type-essay-questions"],"acf":{"linked_book":""},"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/2857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2857"},{"taxonomy":"content-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content-type?post=2857"},{"taxonomy":"parent-book","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/parent-book?post=2857"},{"taxonomy":"resource-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-type?post=2857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}