{"id":2854,"date":"2026-06-18T14:41:48","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T14:41:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/bpscoretextbooks\/?post_type=content&#038;p=2854"},"modified":"2026-06-23T15:25:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T15:25:38","slug":"flashcards-2","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/9781032933450-flashcards-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Flashcards"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-query is-layout-flow wp-block-query-is-layout-flow\"><ul class=\"wp-block-post-template is-layout-flow wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow\"><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2849 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 1 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Phrenology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A 19th-century theory claiming that mental faculties are localised in specific brain regions, and that the shape of the skull can reveal traits such as personality and intelligence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reductionism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The practice of explaining complex psychological phenomena by reducing them to simpler elements, such as biology or neurology, often at the cost of nuance and context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Organology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An early term for the idea that the brain is composed of distinct organs or areas, each responsible for specific mental faculties; the foundation of phrenological theory.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Critical Thinking Tool<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A conceptual lens used throughout the chapter to encourage analysis and reflection; in this chapter, the focus is on reductionism.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Empiricism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A philosophical approach that emphasises observation and experience as the primary sources of knowledge used by phrenologists to claim scientific status.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Disciplinary power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term coined by Michel Foucault to describe how scientific knowledge is used to regulate and control populations; phrenology served as an early example.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Modular Mind<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that the mind is composed of separate faculties or functions, each with its own location or module in the brain; a foundational idea in phrenology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Craniometry<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The measurement of the skull, used in phrenology (and later in eugenics) to make claims about intelligence, character, and race.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Confirmation Bias<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The tendency to interpret evidence in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs; often seen in phrenological assessments and diagnoses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Naturalisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process by which social or moral traits are presented as biologically fixed and inevitable, often used in phrenology to justify inequality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2986 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 2 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Adaptation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A trait or behaviour that has evolved because it increases an organism&#8217;s chance of survival and reproduction in its environment. In psychology, adaptation refers to mental or behavioural traits shaped by evolutionary pressures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Baldwin Effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory proposed by James Mark Baldwin suggesting that learned behaviours can influence evolutionary outcomes over generations. Individuals who adapt successfully through learning may be more likely to survive and pass on traits that support such learning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Comparative Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A branch of psychology that studies the behaviour and mental processes of animals to understand the evolutionary roots of human psychology. It is grounded in the assumption of continuity between species.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Eugenics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A movement associated with Francis Galton that aimed to improve the genetic quality of human populations through selective breeding. It misused evolutionary theory to justify racist, sexist, and class-based hierarchies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Evolutionary Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A modern field that explores how psychological traits and behaviours evolved to solve problems faced by our ancestors. It applies principles of natural selection to cognition, emotion, and social behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Functionalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A school of psychological thought influenced by Darwin, which focuses on the purposes of mental processes\u2014how they help individuals adapt to their environments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Lamarckian Inheritance<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The (now outdated) idea that traits acquired during an individual&#8217;s life can be passed on to their offspring. Though discredited in biology, it influenced early psychological theories of development and learning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Morgan&#8217;s Canon<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A principle proposed by C. Lloyd Morgan stating that animal behaviour should not be explained by higher mental faculties if simpler explanations suffice. It helped define more rigorous, observational methods in comparative psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Naturalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that human psychology can be studied using the same methods and principles as the natural sciences. It assumes that mental life is a natural phenomenon and can be explained in biological terms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Naturalistic Fallacy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The logical error of equating what is natural with what is morally or socially right. In psychology, this fallacy often appears when evolutionary explanations are used to justify inequality or discrimination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Recapitulation Theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The now-discredited idea that the development of the individual recapitulates the evolutionary history of the species. Popularised by G. Stanley Hall in child psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social Darwinism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An ideological application of Darwinian theory to human society, often used to justify imperialism, economic inequality, and racial hierarchies under the guise of &#8216;survival of the fittest.&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3004 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 20 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Apparition<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A perceived ghostly figure or presence, often central to paranormal claims; treated historically as either spiritual evidence or psychological hallucination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Boundary-work<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept from sociology of science, describing how disciplines construct and defend their borders by defining what counts as legitimate knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Constitutive Other<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An excluded category or domain that paradoxically helps to define and stabilise the identity of a discipline by providing a contrast or counterexample.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Extrasensory Perception (ESP)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The claimed ability to acquire information without using the known senses, studied under experimental conditions by J.B. Rhine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Koestler Chair<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An academic position in parapsychology at the University of Edinburgh, symbolising both institutional recognition and marginalisation of anomalous research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Leonora Piper<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A trance medium studied by psychologists such as William James; her case highlights issues of gender, knowledge production, and epistemic authority.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Parapsychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The study of alleged psychic phenomena such as telepathy, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis; often positioned at the margins of psychological science.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Phantasms of the Living<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An 1886 publication by the Society for Psychical Research documenting telepathic and apparitional experiences, marking an early attempt to scientifically catalogue the paranormal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Poltergeist<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A type of haunting characterised by physical disturbances; interpreted in psychology as possible expressions of repressed trauma or family dynamics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>S\u00e9ance<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A spiritualist ritual intended to communicate with the dead, historically entangled with early psychological investigations into consciousness and mediumship.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subliminal Self<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Frederic Myers&#8217;s concept of a layered psyche, receptive to impressions from beyond conscious awareness or even beyond death.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Synchronicity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Carl Jung&#8217;s idea of meaningful coincidence without causal explanation, often invoked in discussions of the paranormal and subjective meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3003 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 19 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Material culture<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The physical objects, tools, and spaces through which psychological knowledge is created, observed, and reproduced.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Photographic dome<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A specially designed dome-shaped observation chamber developed by Arnold Gesell at Yale to film and analyse infant behaviour in a controlled setting.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Tools-to-theories<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept introduced by Gerd Gigerenzer, describing how the instruments used in psychological research often influence or shape the theories that emerge from that research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biopower<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term from Michel Foucault, referring to the ways modern institutions manage populations through the regulation of bodies, health, and development\u2014often by defining what is &#8216;normal&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Developmental schedule<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A standardised timeline outlining the expected milestones in a child&#8217;s cognitive, physical, and emotional growth, often based on selective data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Normativity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The cultural and scientific process of defining what is typical, healthy, or desirable, often disguising power and bias as objectivity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Observational science<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A branch of psychology that relies on structured, often technologically mediated, observation of behaviour to draw conclusions about mental life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Play therapy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological approach that uses toys and play as a medium for understanding and treating children&#8217;s emotional and developmental issues.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Surrogate mother (Harlow&#8217;s studies)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An artificial or substitute maternal figure used in psychological experiments, especially those testing attachment and dependency in infant primates.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Developmental psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The field of psychology focused on how humans grow and change across the lifespan, particularly in childhood and adolescence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3002 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 18 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Discourse<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A system of language, symbols, and practices that shapes how we understand, talk about, and act upon the world, including what counts as truth, knowledge, and authority.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Discourse Analysis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of critical inquiry that examines how meanings, subject positions, and power relations are constructed and contested through language and symbolic practices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Polygraph<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Also known as the lie detector, a device developed in the early 20th century to measure physiological responses such as blood pressure and respiration, believed to indicate deception.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subject Position<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The socially and discursively constructed role a person occupies within a given context, such as &#8216;expert examiner&#8217;, &#8216;suspect&#8217;, or &#8216;truth machine&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Interpretative Repertoire<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A recurring set of metaphors, narratives, and linguistic resources used to describe or explain a phenomenon, often revealing cultural assumptions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ideological Dilemma<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A contradictory or tension-laden feature of discourse where conflicting beliefs or values are naturalised and made to coexist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mechanical Objectivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that machines or instruments can produce unbiased, neutral knowledge free from human interpretation or error.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pastoral Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of power concerned with care, guidance, and emotional truth-telling, often associated with therapeutic or intimate contexts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Disciplinary Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Power enacted through institutional surveillance, regulation, and correction, such as in the prison, the clinic, or the police station.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Spectacular Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The symbolic and theatrical dimension of power, where authority is reinforced through visual display, drama, and cultural representation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>William Moulton Marston<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Harvard-trained psychologist and creator of the systolic blood pressure test and Wonder Woman; advocated the lie detector as a therapeutic and feminist tool.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Leonarde Keeler<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Co-developer of the commercially successful polygraph; promoted the lie detector as a law enforcement tool and symbol of scientific authority.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3001 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 17 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A statistical technique developed by Ronald Fisher that allows researchers to compare means across multiple groups to determine whether observed differences are likely due to chance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biopower<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept from Michel Foucault describing the way institutions use statistical knowledge and measurement to regulate populations, particularly in areas like health, education, and reproduction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Construct<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An abstract psychological concept (e.g. intelligence, anxiety, resilience) that is operationalised and measured through specific procedures, often treated as if it refers to a stable, real trait.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Disciplinary Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A Foucauldian concept referring to the subtle, institutional means by which individuals are classified, normalised, and regulated\u2014often through testing, diagnosis, and statistical comparison.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and limits of knowledge; in psychology, it refers to the theories and assumptions that underlie how we know what we claim to know.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Factor Analysis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A statistical method used to identify latent variables or &#8216;factors&#8217; that explain patterns of correlations among observed variables, widely used in intelligence and personality testing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Inferential Statistics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Techniques that allow researchers to draw conclusions about populations based on data from samples, including tests of significance such as the t-test, chi-square, and p-value analysis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Normal Distribution<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A bell-shaped curve representing the distribution of a trait or variable in a population; widely used in psychology to describe &#8216;average&#8217; behaviour and identify statistical outliers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Operationalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A methodological stance, associated with S.S. Stevens, that defines scientific concepts in terms of the procedures used to measure them, allowing psychology to sidestep deeper philosophical questions about what is being measured.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>P-value<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A statistical index that quantifies the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the observed one, assuming the null hypothesis is true; often misinterpreted as a direct measure of truth or effect size.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Quantification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of assigning numerical values to psychological phenomena, making them amenable to statistical analysis; central to the transformation of psychology into a data-driven science.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The critical thinking tool of the chapter; it refers to the tendency to treat abstract concepts or statistical constructs as if they were real, tangible entities\u2014e.g. treating &#8216;IQ&#8217; as a fixed property rather than a measurement output.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3000 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 16 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Analysand<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The person undergoing psychoanalysis; the patient or client.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Analyst<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The psychoanalyst conducting the treatment and interpretation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Abjection<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept from Julia Kristeva describing what must be rejected to form a coherent self.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Case study<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A detailed account of a single case, often blending clinical observation and narrative.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Destruction and creation drive<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Spielrein&#8217;s theory that destruction is a necessary precursor to psychic transformation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemic Other<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A person or group positioned outside dominant structures of knowledge or authority.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Femininity (in psychoanalysis)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In psychoanalysis, femininity is often theorised in relation to lack, desire, and difference.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Masquerade<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept by Joan Rivi\u00e8re suggesting that femininity can be performed to conceal masculinity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Maternal metaphor<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A symbolic representation of the maternal as a structuring force in subject formation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ontology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The study of being; in psychoanalysis, it relates to what kind of &#8216;self&#8217; is theorised.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Oedipal complex<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Freud&#8217;s theory that a child&#8217;s psychosexual development involves unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Other (The)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept representing that which is excluded, unfamiliar, or marginalised relative to the self.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Poststructuralism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theoretical movement emphasising the instability of meaning and identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Relational self<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept emphasising that identity is formed in and through relationships with others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sexual difference<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Luce Irigaray&#8217;s theory emphasising difference rather than sameness between sexes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subjectivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A person&#8217;s sense of selfhood, often explored in psychoanalysis through memory, desire, and fantasy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Transference<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The redirection of feelings for a significant figure onto the analyst.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Voice of the Other<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A critical tool referring to the marginalised voice, particularly women&#8217;s, in psychoanalytic discourse.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n   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});\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2999 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 15 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Big Five Personality Traits<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A widely used model of personality comprising Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Promoted as stable, measurable traits, often applied in employment and personal development contexts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Emotional Intelligence (EQ)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept popularised by Daniel Goleman, referring to the ability to manage one&#8217;s own emotions and social relationships. Seen as crucial in the flexible, emotionally demanding workplaces of liquid modernity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Entrepreneurial Self<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term used to describe the idealised neoliberal subject who self-manages, self-optimises, and continuously adapts in order to remain market-relevant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Liquid Modernity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term coined by Zygmunt Bauman to describe the contemporary social condition where identities, careers, and institutions are fluid, temporary, and in constant flux.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Modal Self<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A critical concept developed by Warren Susman. Refers to the dominant, culturally constructed ideal of the self in any given historical era, which individuals are encouraged to embody.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pastoral Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of power described by Michel Foucault, in which individuals are guided and shaped through moral or religious authority, often under the guise of care and salvation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Positive Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A movement led by Martin Seligman that focuses on well-being, resilience, and human flourishing, often linked to neoliberal imperatives for self-optimisation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Self-optimisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The imperative to constantly improve and adapt oneself\u2014psychologically, emotionally, and professionally\u2014often in response to neoliberal values of performance and flexibility.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2998 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 14 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Industrial Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A branch of applied psychology that developed in the early 20th century, focused on improving workplace efficiency, selection, and productivity by studying worker behaviour, aptitude, and performance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Technologies of the Self<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Michel Foucault, referring to the ways individuals come to understand and shape themselves through scientific, cultural, and institutional norms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mimesis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term meaning imitation or mirroring; in this context, how psychological tests were designed to mimic the tasks and demands of industrial work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Time-Motion Studies<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A technique used to analyse and optimise physical labour by breaking down tasks into discrete motions and timings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Aptitude Testing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Standardised tests developed to assess an individual&#8217;s potential for particular types of work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Human Engineering<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An early term for ergonomics, concerned with designing tasks and environments to optimise human performance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Scientific Management<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A management theory by Frederick Winslow Taylor that emphasised standardisation, control, and measurement of labour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychotechnics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The application of psychological knowledge to practical problems, especially in industrial settings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subjectification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process by which individuals internalise external norms and become psychological subjects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Behavioural Science<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A broad term for disciplines studying human actions, used in workplaces to shape and control behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2997 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 13 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Shell shock<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term used during the First World War to describe psychological breakdown in soldiers, often marked by paralysis, mutism, or tremors, and initially thought to result from physical blast exposure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychosomatic protest<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that the body expresses psychological suffering through physical symptoms when emotional protest is not socially or psychologically possible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Moral injury<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A deep psychological wound caused by witnessing or participating in actions that violate one&#8217;s ethical or moral beliefs, often associated with war.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Disciplinary power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept from Michel Foucault describing power exercised through coercion, correction, and bodily control, often applied to lower-ranked soldiers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pastoral power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Foucault&#8217;s term for a form of power that operates through care, guidance, and therapeutic attention, typically applied to officers in contexts like Craiglockhart.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>W.H.R. Rivers<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A British psychiatrist known for his empathetic and psychoanalytically informed treatment of shell shock at Craiglockhart War Hospital during WWI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Lewis Yealland<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A neurologist who treated shell shock with harsh disciplinary techniques, including electric shock therapy, aiming to restore soldiers&#8217; function swiftly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Charles Myers<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The psychologist who coined the term &#8216;shell shock&#8217; in 1915 and later advocated for the recognition of psychological trauma as a legitimate medical condition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>War neuroses<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A broader category used during and after WWI and WWII to describe psychological disorders arising from the stresses of combat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Craiglockhart War Hospital<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A military psychiatric hospital in Edinburgh where Rivers treated shell-shocked officers, including poets Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Instinct theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological theory, notably advanced by William McDougall, that behaviour is driven by innate, inherited tendencies, each linked to a particular emotion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Firing squad<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of military execution used during WWI, including for soldiers accused of cowardice or desertion\u2014some of whom likely suffered from untreated shell shock.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>War poets<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A group of soldier-poets, including Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, who wrote vivid, often critical, reflections on the trauma of war.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Trench warfare<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A brutal and static form of combat characteristic of WWI, involving prolonged exposure to artillery fire, death, and extreme living conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hysteria<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological diagnosis historically associated with women, but influential in shaping how early psychiatrists interpreted the symptoms of shell shock in men.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2996 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 12 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biopower<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Michel Foucault referring to the way modern states govern populations through the regulation of health, reproduction, and behaviour. In psychology, biopower describes how tests, diagnoses, and classifications are used to define and control who is considered normal, intelligent, or fit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Eugenics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A scientific and political movement that aimed to improve the human population by encouraging the reproduction of the &#8216;fit&#8217; and limiting the reproduction of the &#8216;unfit&#8217;. Supported by many early psychologists, it led to policies such as forced sterilisation, institutionalisation, and immigration restriction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mental Deficiency Act (1913)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A British law that allowed for the segregation of people labelled as &#8216;feebleminded&#8217; or &#8216;morally defective&#8217;. Psychological assessments were used to classify individuals, legitimising their removal from society and institutional confinement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>IQ (Intelligence Quotient)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A numerical score derived from standardised intelligence tests, used to rank cognitive ability. IQ scores became central to eugenic arguments about heritability and were used to justify exclusionary social policies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychometrics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The branch of psychology concerned with measuring mental traits and abilities. In the context of eugenics, psychometrics became a tool for classifying people as intelligent, average, or deficient.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Statistical Norms<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that psychological traits like intelligence follow a normal distribution, with most people falling around an average. Used in eugenics to pathologise deviation from the norm and justify interventions against those who fell outside the statistical &#8216;ideal&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Leta Hollingworth<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An early 20th-century American psychologist who challenged eugenic assumptions by highlighting the role of environment, opportunity, and social prejudice in shaping achievement. She critiqued the misuse of intelligence tests to justify inequality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Herman Lundborg<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A Swedish racial biologist who led the State Institute for Racial Biology and used psychological classifications to target minority groups, especially the Sami and Finnish populations, under Sweden&#8217;s sterilisation programme.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Buck v. Bell (1927)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of forced sterilisation. Psychological testimony was used to declare Carrie Buck &#8216;feebleminded&#8217;, legitimising a broader eugenics policy across many states.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intelligence Testing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The practice of using standardised assessments to measure cognitive ability. Originating in early 20th-century psychology, intelligence testing became closely tied to eugenic ideology and was often used to justify exclusionary policies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2994 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 10 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Companion Species<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Donna Haraway to describe animals not as tools or pets, but as co-constitutive partners in human lives, cultures, and knowledge systems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Situated Knowledge<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that all knowledge is shaped by the specific context, perspective, and position of the knower\u2014used in this chapter to challenge claims of objectivity in animal research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Conditioned Reflex<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus, famously investigated by Pavlov\u2014though he used the term &#8216;conditional reflex&#8217; to emphasise its context dependency.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intersubjectivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A mutual, relational understanding between beings\u2014used here to describe emotionally and cognitively meaningful relationships between humans and animals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Behaviourism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological approach that focuses on observable behaviours and conditioning rather than internal mental states, often criticised for reducing animals to machines.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ethology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The study of animal behaviour in natural settings, often involving long-term, empathetic observation and emphasising the individuality and agency of animal subjects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Anthropomorphism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The attribution of human traits to non-human entities\u2014often viewed critically in science, but reassessed here as part of the relational interpretation of animal minds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reflexivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process by which researchers examine how their presence, assumptions, and methods affect the outcomes of experiments\u2014in this case, with animal subjects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Trauma and Unlearning<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Refers to the psychological effects of environmental stress or harm on learned behaviours, as in the aftermath of the 1924 flood in Pavlov&#8217;s lab.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Co-production of Knowledge<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that scientific knowledge is not simply discovered, but shaped through dynamic relationships\u2014here, between experimenters and animals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Animal Agency<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Recognition that animals are not passive subjects, but beings capable of resisting, adapting, or disrupting experimental conditions in ways that shape outcomes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2995 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 11 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A therapeutic approach derived from behaviourist principles, especially operant conditioning, used to modify behaviour in clinical and educational settings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Black Box<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A metaphor used by behaviourists to describe the mind as unknowable or irrelevant to scientific psychology; only observable inputs (stimuli) and outputs (responses) are considered legitimate data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Classical Conditioning<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cognitive Revolution<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The shift in psychology during the mid-20th century away from behaviourism toward approaches that emphasised internal mental processes, such as memory, perception, and language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Contiguity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The behaviourist principle that learning occurs when a stimulus and a response are closely paired in time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Determinism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that behaviour is entirely shaped by environmental causes, with no role for free will or internal agency.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Equipotentiality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The behaviourist assumption that any stimulus can be equally associated with any response, regardless of biological or cognitive constraints.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>John Garcia Effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Also known as conditioned taste aversion; Garcia&#8217;s discovery that animals can form strong associations between taste and illness, even with a long time delay\u2014contradicting core behaviourist principles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Normal Science<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>According to Thomas Kuhn, the routine, puzzle-solving work done within the boundaries of an accepted scientific paradigm. Behaviourist psychology in the mid-20th century is an example of normal science.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Operant Conditioning<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A type of learning where voluntary behaviours are shaped by reinforcement or punishment, introduced by B.F. Skinner.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Operationalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The view that scientific concepts must be defined in terms of the operations or procedures used to measure them. Central to behaviourist methodology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Paradigm<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In Kuhn&#8217;s theory, a shared framework of theories, methods, and assumptions that shapes what is considered legitimate science at a given time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Paradigm Shift<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A fundamental transformation in the assumptions and practices of a scientific field, occurring when existing paradigms can no longer accommodate accumulating anomalies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power (Foucauldian)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In psychology, the ways in which knowledge production and behavioural techniques can be used to discipline, control, and normalise individuals and populations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Radical Behaviourism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>B.F. Skinner&#8217;s version of behaviourism, which claimed that all behaviour\u2014including language and thought\u2014could be explained through operant conditioning without reference to internal mental states.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reinforcement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. Can be positive (adding something desirable) or negative (removing something undesirable).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Stimulus\u2013Response (S\u2013R)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The foundational behaviourist model in which a specific stimulus elicits a specific behavioural response through conditioning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2987 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 3 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Atavism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory introduced by Lombroso suggesting that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks with physical traits linked to more &#8216;primitive&#8217; humans.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biological Determinism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that human behaviour, including criminal behaviour, is controlled by biological or genetic factors rather than social or environmental influences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Born Criminal<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Lombroso&#8217;s concept of an individual who is biologically predisposed to commit crimes, identifiable by physical characteristics.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Criminal Anthropology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A 19th-century field that attempted to study criminality through biological and anatomical features, especially of the skull and face.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Criminality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The quality or state of being criminal; a concept debated as either biologically innate or socially constructed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Degeneration Theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that individuals or societies could regress or devolve over time, often used to explain perceived moral or social decline.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Empiricism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of knowledge based on observation and measurement, central to the positivist scientific approach of criminal anthropology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The branch of philosophy concerned with how we come to know things\u2014here, how criminality is known or claimed to be known through science.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Essentialism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The view that certain traits or behaviours are fixed, natural, and inherent in a group or individual, rather than shaped by context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Frances Kellor<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A feminist sociologist and reformer who challenged biological theories of crime and argued that criminality is shaped by environment and inequality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Human Kind<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A social category created by human interaction, culture, and institutions\u2014fluid, contextual, and responsive to change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Natural Kind<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A category believed to reflect a real, fixed type in nature\u2014such as a species or chemical element\u2014discovered rather than invented.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ontological Assumption<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A belief about the nature of reality\u2014such as whether criminality is an inherent trait or a socially constructed label.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Positivism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A scientific approach based on measurable facts and observable phenomena, which shaped criminal anthropology&#8217;s methods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The capacity to define, judge, and control others\u2014here, especially through scientific and legal systems that labelled people as criminals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2988 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 4 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sex<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A biological classification based on physical characteristics such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sexuality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The socially and historically constructed understanding of sexual behaviour, identity, and desire; shaped by culture, science, and power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sexology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The scientific study of human sexual behaviour, function, and identity, especially popularised in the 19th century.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Medicalisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process by which non-medical experiences (such as sexuality) are classified and treated as medical conditions or disorders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pathologisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The framing of certain behaviours or identities as abnormal or diseased, often leading to their regulation or treatment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Scientia sexualis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Foucault&#8217;s term for the Western scientific discourse that seeks to uncover the &#8216;truth&#8217; of sex through confession, classification, and regulation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ars erotica<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A tradition found in Eastern cultures that treats sexuality as an art form concerned with experience, pleasure, and spiritual fulfilment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Human kind<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A category of people created through social, cultural, or scientific classification, which can influence behaviour and self-identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Natural kind<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A category that exists independently of social context, such as chemical elements or biological traits, assumed to be objectively discovered.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Looping effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept by Ian Hacking describing how people change in response to the categories used to describe them, which in turn changes the category itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Making up people<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Hacking&#8217;s term for how scientific or bureaucratic labels create new types of identities, shaping how individuals understand themselves and behave.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biopower<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Foucault&#8217;s concept of power that regulates populations through institutions like medicine, education, and public health.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Disciplinary power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Power that works at the individual level to shape behaviour, norms, and identity through surveillance and categorisation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Homosexuality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Historically, a term used in medical and legal contexts to categorise same-sex desire; later reclaimed as a positive sexual identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Nymphomania<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A historical term used to pathologise women&#8217;s sexual desire, especially when it deviated from expected norms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Fetishism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A sexual attraction to specific objects, materials, or body parts, often pathologised in early sexology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychosexual development<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory by Freud suggesting that human sexuality develops through a series of stages in early childhood.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Erotic arts<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Creative expressions\u2014such as literature, sculpture, and visual art\u2014that explore themes of desire, pleasure, and sexuality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2989 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 5 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hysteria<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A historical psychological diagnosis, now obsolete, associated with dramatic physical symptoms\u2014such as paralysis or fainting\u2014with no apparent organic cause, and often interpreted as psychosomatic responses to psychological or social pressures, particularly in women.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mimesis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept meaning imitation or symbolic representation. In this chapter, it is used to explain how hysterical symptoms might mimic or embody social oppression, functioning as a form of non-verbal protest or cultural performance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Rest Cure<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A 19th-century treatment for hysteria and other &#8216;nervous&#8217; conditions, especially in women, which involved isolation, bed rest, and prohibition of intellectual activity. It was popularised by American neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Suggestion<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological process in which symptoms or beliefs are shaped or induced by external influence, often unconsciously. This concept was central to the work of Hippolyte Bernheim, who emphasised the role of verbal suggestion in hysteria.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Clitoridectomy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The surgical removal of the clitoris, historically used in some cases to treat hysteria or female sexual &#8216;deviance,&#8217; reflecting extreme and patriarchal medical practices aimed at controlling women&#8217;s bodies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Angel-devil Binary<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A cultural framework in 19th-century Western thought that positioned women as either morally pure and passive (&#8216;angelic&#8217;) or sexually dangerous and manipulative (&#8216;devilish&#8217;), influencing medical interpretations of female behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Charcot&#8217;s Lectures<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Public medical demonstrations conducted by Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital in Paris, where female patients were hypnotised and exhibited symptoms of hysteria to audiences of mostly male physicians and students.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Catharsis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A therapeutic concept introduced by Josef Breuer and developed by Freud, referring to the emotional release that occurs when repressed feelings are brought to consciousness and expressed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Talking Cure<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term coined by Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.) to describe the therapeutic process of verbalising repressed thoughts and emotions to relieve psychological symptoms\u2014foundational to psychoanalytic therapy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Seduction Theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Freud&#8217;s early theory that hysteria was caused by childhood sexual abuse, later replaced by his theory of internal unconscious conflict. The abandonment of the seduction theory remains controversial in the history of psychoanalysis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2990 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 6 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Anthropometry<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The measurement of human physical characteristics, often used by early psychologists and anthropologists to draw conclusions about intelligence and racial difference.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Metaphysics of Measurement<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept that encourages reflection on the underlying assumptions of measurement in psychology, especially the unproven belief that psychological traits are inherently quantifiable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and limits of knowledge; in psychology, it refers to how knowledge about the mind and behaviour is produced.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Eugenics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A social movement and pseudo-science developed by Francis Galton that aimed to improve the genetic quality of human populations through selective breeding.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Experimental Method<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A scientific approach involving the manipulation of variables under controlled conditions to establish cause-and-effect relationships.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Individual Differences<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Variations among people in terms of their abilities, behaviours, or psychological traits, often measured statistically in psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Introspection<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of self-observation developed by Wundt, where participants report their inner experiences in response to controlled stimuli.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Normal Distribution (Bell Curve)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A statistical model that shows how traits or test scores are spread across a population, with most people clustering around the average.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Normalisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A process identified by Michel Foucault, in which certain behaviours, identities, or characteristics become constructed as &#8216;normal&#8217; and others as &#8216;deviant&#8217; through subtle forms of institutional power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ontological Assumptions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Beliefs about what kinds of things exist; in this chapter, it refers to what psychologists assume about the nature of the mind and mental traits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Panpsychism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A philosophical belief, held by Fechner, that mind or consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of the universe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychometrics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The field of psychology concerned with the measurement of psychological traits such as intelligence or personality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychophysics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The scientific study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect, pioneered by Gustav Fechner.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reflexivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that psychological research is shaped by the social roles and expectations of both researchers and participants, making it different from research in the natural sciences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Structuralism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A school of psychology that aimed to break down mental processes into their most basic components, associated with Wundt and later Titchener.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>V\u00f6lkerpsychologie<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A cultural psychology developed by Wundt to study higher mental functions such as language and myth through non-experimental methods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2991 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 7 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biopower<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept introduced by Michel Foucault to describe how modern societies regulate populations through scientific, medical, and psychological knowledge, often by classifying and managing life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Clinic<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An institutional space where psychology is practised through therapeutic, diagnostic, and interpretive methods, often involving moral judgement and forms of pastoral power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge\u2014how we come to know things, what counts as evidence, and how truth is established in psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Factory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A site where psychology was used to enhance productivity, efficiency, and worker selection\u2014shaping a functional, measurable view of the human mind.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intelligence testing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological method developed to assess mental capacity, often used in schools to sort children by perceived ability, but also implicated in social stratification.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Laboratory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A controlled environment where early psychologists aimed to study universal mental processes using experimental methods such as introspection and reaction time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ontology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The study of what exists; in psychology, this refers to assumptions about the nature of the mind or person being studied\u2014whether fixed, fluid, individual, or relational.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pastoral power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of subtle authority, historically associated with religious care, which in psychology refers to the therapist&#8217;s or clinician&#8217;s role in guiding, correcting, and shaping the individual.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychological complex<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term adapted from Nikolas Rose to describe the network of institutions, practices, and authorities through which psychology became embedded in modern society.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychometrics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The branch of psychology concerned with the design and use of tests to measure mental capacities, traits, and behaviours.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Situated knowledge<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept from Donna Haraway that argues all knowledge\u2014including psychological knowledge\u2014is produced from a specific position, shaped by context, perspective, and power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A core area of psychology that studies how individuals think, feel, and behave in relation to others, and how these processes are shaped by context, institutions, and culture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Torres Straits expedition<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An 1898 research trip led by W.H.R. Rivers and colleagues to study Indigenous cognition using experimental tools; it exposed the limits of transferring laboratory psychology into the field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2992 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 8 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Metaphor<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A figure of speech that frames one thing in terms of another. In psychology, metaphor is not merely decorative but fundamental to theory-making. It shapes how the mind is conceptualised, from James&#8217;s &#8220;stream&#8221; to Freud&#8217;s &#8220;iceberg.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Stream of Consciousness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>William James&#8217;s metaphor for the continuity and fluidity of thought, used to reject mechanistic or atomistic models of the mind and to promote a psychology grounded in lived experience.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Iceberg Model<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Freud&#8217;s metaphor for the psyche, where the visible conscious mind floats above the much larger, submerged unconscious\u2014a model that suggests repression and hidden forces drive behaviour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Dream of Irma&#8217;s Injection<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A foundational Freudian dream analysis that illustrates how metaphor, bodily imagery, and self-justification operate in the unconscious. Frequently used as an example of the metaphorical richness of dream life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Royal Road<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Freud&#8217;s famous metaphor for dreams, describing them as the primary path to understanding the unconscious mind.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Castration Anxiety<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A metaphor used by Freud to theorise male anxiety about loss of power, often criticised for reinforcing patriarchal assumptions and gendered interpretations of mental life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Karen Horney<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychoanalyst who rejected Freud&#8217;s patriarchal metaphors and instead described neurosis in terms of social pressure, unmet needs, and relational conflict. Proposed the metaphor of the &#8220;false self&#8221; shaped by societal expectations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Leta Hollingworth<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A pioneering psychologist who dismantled myths about female intellectual inferiority. Her work emphasised continuity, development, and potential, offering alternatives to deficit-based metaphors in developmental theory.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>False Self<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A metaphor used by Horney to describe the compromised identity a person adopts in response to cultural or interpersonal pressure, masking their authentic needs and feelings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Penis Envy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A Freudian concept and metaphor describing a girl&#8217;s supposed unconscious desire for male power and status. Widely criticised by feminist psychologists as a culturally biased, patriarchal narrative.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Variability Hypothesis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A 19th-century pseudoscientific belief that men are more variable\u2014and therefore more likely to be geniuses or failures\u2014than women. Hollingworth empirically disproved this idea.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-2993 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 9 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>11+ examination<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A UK educational test introduced in the mid-20th century used to determine secondary school placement, based on assumed fixed intelligence measured at age eleven.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>BITCH-100<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity, developed by Robert L. Williams in 1972 to expose the cultural bias in traditional IQ testing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biopower<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term from Michel Foucault describing how institutions regulate populations through scientific categorisation and measurement, such as intelligence testing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Categorisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The psychological and political process of selecting, defining, and institutionalising categories\u2014like intelligence\u2014to make human differences legible and manageable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cyril Burt<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A British psychologist (1883\u20131971) who institutionalised intelligence testing in education and was associated with controversial claims about the heritability of IQ.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Flynn Effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The substantial rise in average IQ scores observed globally over the 20th century, challenging the view that intelligence is fixed or purely genetic.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>General Intelligence (g)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theoretical core mental ability proposed by Charles Spearman that underlies performance across all cognitive tasks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hereditary Genius<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept proposed by Francis Galton suggesting that intellectual ability is inherited and unevenly distributed across the population.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Individual Differences Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A core area of psychology concerned with measuring and explaining how and why individuals vary in traits such as intelligence or personality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intelligence Quotient (IQ)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A score derived from standardised tests, originally calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mental Age<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Binet and Simon indicating the intellectual performance level of an individual relative to average performance at a given age.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Multiple Intelligences<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory proposed by Howard Gardner suggesting that intelligence is not unitary, but consists of various distinct forms (e.g. linguistic, musical, spatial).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Operationalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that psychological concepts are meaningful only when defined by the operations used to measure them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychometrics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The field of psychology devoted to the theory and technique of psychological measurement, including intelligence, aptitude, and personality tests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of treating an abstract concept (like intelligence) as if it were a real, tangible thing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Robert L. Williams<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An African American psychologist (1930\u20132020) who exposed cultural bias in intelligence tests and advocated for Black-centred psychological frameworks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social Distance (metaphor)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept proposed by Ken Richardson to explain test performance as a function of cultural distance from the norms of the test designers, rather than innate ability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Spearman, Charles<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A British psychologist (1863\u20131945) who developed the concept of general intelligence and pioneered factor analysis in intelligence research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>William Stern<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A German psychologist (1871\u20131938) who introduced the term Intelligence Quotient (IQ), which later became central to educational selection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3019 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 36 \u2013 Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Replication Crisis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A crisis in psychology that revealed how many famous studies could not be successfully repeated, exposing serious flaws in how the discipline produces and validates knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemic Resilience<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The ability of a knowledge system to withstand error, uncertainty, and bias by using transparent, pluralistic, and self-correcting methods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ethical Crisis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A crisis that exposed how psychology has been complicit with systems of power, including its involvement in unethical practices such as torture, showing that psychological knowledge is never neutral.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reflexivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A critical thinking tool that asks psychologists to examine how their own assumptions, values, and social positions shape the research they do and the knowledge they produce.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>W.E.I.R.D. Crisis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A crisis that revealed how most psychological research is based on populations that are Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic, raising questions about whose minds psychology actually studies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Situated Knowledge<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that all knowledge is produced from particular cultural, historical, and social standpoints, meaning that no knowledge is completely neutral or universal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ecological Crisis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A crisis that challenges psychology&#8217;s assumption that the person is a self-contained, autonomous individual, separate from ecosystems and the material world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Looping Effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept from philosopher Ian Hacking that describes how psychological categories shape the people to whom they are applied, creating feedback loops between knowledge and identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Legacy Crisis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A crisis where psychology is forced to confront its own history of harm, exclusion, and complicity in systems of racism, colonialism, sexism, and oppression.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Critical Historiography<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach to history that recognises it is always selective, contested, and shaped by power, and that recovering forgotten voices is part of reconstructing a more honest and just discipline.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Human Kinds<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Categories of people that are not fixed by nature but are shaped by history, culture, language, and social practices\u2014and which in turn shape the people they describe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Natural Kinds<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Categories in the natural sciences that refer to stable, mind-independent phenomena like chemical elements or biological species, unlike the reflexive categories studied in psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3018 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 35 \u2013 Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cognitive neuropsychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The study of brain function by examining the cognitive abilities of individuals with brain damage, as well as healthy individuals, to infer the workings of the mind.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Technological sublime<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A critical concept describing the awe, wonder, and ideological authority attached to technologies that appear to reveal deep truths about the human condition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Jennifer Aniston neuron<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A colloquial term for a neuron discovered to fire in response to images of Jennifer Aniston, used as an example of apparent extreme specificity in neural coding.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemic awe<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A state of wonder or reverence triggered by perceived closeness to fundamental truth, often provoked by scientific imagery like brain scans.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Split-brain studies<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research conducted on patients who have had the corpus callosum severed, revealing how the brain&#8217;s hemispheres can operate independently.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Narrative epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach to knowledge that values stories, case histories, and lived experiences as valid ways of understanding psychological phenomena\u2014exemplified in the work of Oliver Sacks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mirror neurons<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by another, thought to be involved in empathy and learning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Somatic Marker Hypothesis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Proposed by Antonio Damasio, this theory suggests that emotions play a critical role in decision-making by marking certain options with bodily signals or &#8216;gut feelings&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Neurotheology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An emerging field that explores the relationship between brain activity and spiritual or religious experiences, often associated with claims about a &#8216;God spot&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, often used to create visually compelling maps of the &#8216;active&#8217; brain during cognitive tasks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3017 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 34 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Africentric worldview<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological and philosophical orientation that emphasises community, spirituality, collective identity, and interdependence, grounded in African cultural traditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Black psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A field developed by Black scholars to critique mainstream psychology&#8217;s Eurocentric assumptions and to develop theories, methods, and practices rooted in Black experience, culture, and liberation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Critical Race Theory (CRT)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An intellectual and political framework that examines how racism is embedded in laws, institutions, and knowledge systems, and challenges claims to neutrality, objectivity, and colour-blindness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Counter-storytelling<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method used in CRT and Black psychology that centres the narratives of marginalised people to expose the limitations and biases of dominant psychological and societal discourses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Dehumanisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of denying people&#8217;s humanity, often through diagnostic or institutional language that masks violence, as seen in the use of terms like &#8216;excited delirium&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemic violence<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The harm done when dominant knowledge systems erase or distort the experiences, histories, and worldviews of oppressed groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Excited delirium<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A pseudo-medical label historically used to explain the deaths of Black people in custody, lacking scientific validity and widely discredited by medical organisations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Liberation psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A branch of psychology that foregrounds social justice, structural critique, and the empowerment of oppressed communities, influenced by figures like Ignacio Mart\u00edn-Bar\u00f3 and adopted by many Black psychologists.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Optimal psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory developed by Linda James Myers that centres African spiritual and communal values, proposing a model of mental health rooted in harmony, connectedness, and self-knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ontological resistance<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A refusal to accept dominant definitions of what it means to be human, especially in the face of psychological and social systems that marginalise or pathologise Black identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Structural racism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of racism maintained through systemic inequalities in institutions, laws, and cultural norms, rather than individual prejudice alone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Standpoint theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that knowledge is shaped by social position and lived experience, often used in Black psychology to validate the perspectives of those historically excluded from psychological research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3008 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 24 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hermeneutics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The theory and practice of interpretation, particularly of meaning-making in human experience. In psychology, hermeneutics highlights how understanding is shaped by context, language, and perspective.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hermeneutics of Trust<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An interpretive approach that takes people&#8217;s words and experiences at face value, seeking insight, connection, and authenticity. Often associated with the values of humanistic psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hermeneutics of Suspicion<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A critical interpretive stance that questions surface meanings to uncover hidden ideologies, power dynamics, or unconscious motives. Associated with thinkers such as Marx, Freud, and Foucault.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Self-actualisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A core concept in humanistic psychology, referring to the process of realising one&#8217;s fullest potential, authenticity, and personal growth.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Client-centred Therapy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Carl Rogers&#8217; non-directive therapeutic approach that emphasises empathy, unconditional positive regard, and authenticity as conditions for psychological change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Logotherapy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Viktor Frankl&#8217;s existential therapy based on the &#8216;will to meaning&#8217;\u2014the idea that people are fundamentally motivated by a search for purpose in life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Existential Therapy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A therapeutic tradition grounded in existential philosophy, focusing on themes such as death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Gestalt Therapy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of psychotherapy that emphasises holistic experience, present-moment awareness, and the integration of mind and body. It influenced Violet Oaklander&#8217;s child therapy work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pastoral Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of psychological power identified by Foucault in which the therapist guides and shapes the client toward socially acceptable or &#8216;healthy&#8217; forms of life under the guise of care.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reflexivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The practice of critically examining one&#8217;s own assumptions, values, and positionality in psychological theory or practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Therapeutic Society<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept critiquing the cultural shift in which psychological discourse and self-help replace collective political action, turning social problems into individual emotional ones.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subjectivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The lived, felt experience of being a person. Humanistic and existential psychologists view subjectivity as central to understanding psychological life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Peak Experience<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term coined by Maslow to describe moments of intense joy, insight, or connection, seen as vital expressions of psychological health.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ultimate Concerns<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Irvin Yalom&#8217;s term for the fundamental existential issues all humans face: death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hidden Treasure<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A metaphor used by Violet Oaklander to describe the buried emotional truths that children\u2014and perhaps all of us\u2014can access through symbolic or creative expression.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3016 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 33 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Activism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Collective or individual actions aimed at producing social or political change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Binary<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A system of classification that divides people into two mutually exclusive categories, often male\/female or heterosexual\/homosexual.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Conversion Therapy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A discredited set of practices aimed at changing an individual&#8217;s sexual orientation or gender identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A manual used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose and classify mental disorders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Essentialism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that certain traits or behaviours are innate, fixed, and biologically determined.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Homonormativity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The assimilation of heteronormative ideals and constructs into LGBTQ+ identities and culture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Intersectionality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A framework that recognises how different aspects of a person&#8217;s identity (e.g. race, gender, sexuality) intersect to shape their experiences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>LGBTQIA+<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An acronym that stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, Intersex, Asexual, and others.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pathologisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of treating a particular behaviour or identity as indicative of a mental disorder.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Queer Theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach that challenges normative categories of identity and emphasises fluidity, performativity, and resistance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social Constructionism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The theory that categories such as gender and sexuality are products of social processes rather than natural facts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Stonewall Riots<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid in 1969, widely seen as a catalyst for the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3015 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 32 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hegemony<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of power in which dominant social groups maintain control not through force, but by making their worldview appear natural, normal, and inevitable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Feminist Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A critical movement within psychology that challenges gender bias, incorporates women&#8217;s lived experiences, and seeks to transform both the theory and practice of psychological science.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Standpoint Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that knowledge is shaped by the social position of the knower, and that marginalised perspectives can offer more accurate or complete insights into power relations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sexual Politics of Therapy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A feminist critique of the way power, gender, and desire intersect within therapeutic relationships, especially when male therapists exploit female clients under the guise of treatment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Quantified Experience<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The strategic use of surveys and numerical data to render women&#8217;s lived experiences legible and credible within scientific discourse, often used to challenge institutional denial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Gender Schema Theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A framework proposed by Sandra Bem explaining how individuals internalise societal expectations about gender, shaping their perceptions, behaviour, and self-concept.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Care Ethics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A moral framework associated with Carol Gilligan that emphasises relationality, empathy, and the ethics of care over abstract principles of justice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemic Authority<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The power to define what counts as knowledge or valid evidence within a given discipline or context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychopolitics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term capturing how psychological categories, diagnoses, and practices are bound up with broader systems of social and political control.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Pathologisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process by which normal behaviours or experiences are defined and treated as mental illness, often reinforcing social norms and hierarchies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Liberation Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of psychology, aligned with feminist goals, that foregrounds social justice, historical context, and the lived experience of oppression in its theories and interventions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3014 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 30 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Positive Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological movement that emerged in the early 21st century focusing on human strengths, flourishing, and happiness, often framed in individualistic and empirically measurable terms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Neoliberal Governmentality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of power described by Michel Foucault, where individuals are governed not through overt force but through internalised norms, especially those promoting self-optimisation, responsibility, and emotional regulation in line with market values.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Governmentality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Foucault&#8217;s term describing how power operates not only through institutions but through the shaping of subjectivities and everyday behaviours, making individuals responsible for their own self-governance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Learned Helplessness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Martin Seligman in the 1970s to explain how repeated failure can lead individuals (and animals) to give up trying; later reworked into the more empowering concept of &#8216;learned optimism&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>PERMA<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An acronym developed by Seligman to describe the five elements of well-being: Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Flow<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept introduced by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi describing a state of deep, enjoyable immersion in a task where time and self-consciousness seem to disappear.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemicide<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The erasure or marginalisation of alternative knowledge systems, especially Indigenous and non-Western ways of knowing, through the dominance of Euro-American scientific paradigms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Monocausality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A critique of oversimplified thinking that seeks single causes for complex problems, often linked to colonial systems that privilege singular narratives over plural, relational, or diverse explanations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Kokoro no kaze<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A Japanese phrase meaning &#8216;a cold of the soul&#8217;, developed in the 1990s as part of a marketing strategy to medicalise depression and promote pharmaceutical treatment in Japan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Technologies of the Self<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Foucault&#8217;s phrase describing how people shape, monitor, and manage their own behaviours, emotions, and thoughts in accordance with cultural and institutional norms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Affective Governance<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The regulation of emotion by social institutions, where particular emotional states (like positivity) are encouraged or enforced as moral obligations or forms of civic virtue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Self-actualisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Originally proposed by Maslow as the pinnacle of psychological development, now often co-opted in consumer culture as a commodified goal of lifestyle and wellness industries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Gross National Happiness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A national development philosophy adopted by Bhutan that attempts to measure well-being beyond GDP, though subject to critique for technocratic and depoliticised implementation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Resilience Training<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Psychological interventions, often developed for military or corporate settings, designed to enhance individual coping and adaptation, sometimes criticised for shifting responsibility away from systemic conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3013 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 29 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Applied Psychology Unit (APU)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A research institute founded in 1944 in Cambridge to support wartime needs, especially in aviation and communications. It became a major centre for the development of cognitive psychology in the UK.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Baddeley and Hitch Model<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A multi-component model of working memory that includes a central executive, a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketchpad, developed in the 1970s and shaped by bureaucratic and computational metaphors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Box-and-arrow diagram<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A schematic style of representing mental processes using boxes (for stages or systems) and arrows (for flow or direction), influenced by cybernetics and command-and-control models in wartime contexts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cognitive psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological approach that studies mental processes such as memory, perception, and problem-solving, often using metaphors drawn from computing, engineering, and bureaucracy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Command and control<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A metaphor derived from military and systems engineering that conceptualises human cognition in terms of information flow, regulation, and executive decision-making.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Embodied cognition<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theoretical framework that argues cognition is grounded in bodily experience, physical interaction, and lived context, rather than being abstract or disembodied.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Internal model<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Kenneth Craik&#8217;s term for the brain&#8217;s capacity to create a mental simulation or small-scale representation of external reality in order to plan and act effectively.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Kenneth Craik<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychologist and philosopher whose wartime work on fatigue and simulation anticipated later models of cognition. His concept of the &#8216;internal model&#8217; was a forerunner of computational theories of mind.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Metaphor<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A figure of speech used in psychology not just for illustration but for shaping theory. In cognitive psychology, metaphors such as &#8216;filing cabinet&#8217;, &#8216;processor&#8217;, and &#8216;cockpit&#8217; reveal the embodied and cultural contexts of theorists.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Working memory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A system for the temporary storage and manipulation of information, especially during reasoning or comprehension, central to modern models of cognition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3012 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 28 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Affect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A broader category than emotion, encompassing pre-conscious intensities, moods, and embodied states that may not be easily named or verbalised.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Emotion<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A historically constructed psychological category referring to feelings, often treated as internal states but increasingly understood as social, cultural, and political processes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Fago<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An Ifaluk emotion meaning something like &#8216;compassionate love&#8217;, combining sadness, care, and moral duty\u2014demonstrating that emotions are culturally embedded.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Emotional labour<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept introduced by Arlie Hochschild, describing how people (especially in service roles) manage their feelings to meet the emotional expectations of their jobs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Passions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Pre-19th-century term for strong feelings associated with moral and religious life, later replaced by the scientific category of &#8217;emotion&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social constructionism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The Critical Thinking Tool of this chapter; an approach that sees categories like emotion as created through language, culture, and power relations rather than discovered as natural kinds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Discursive psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A branch of psychology that analyses how people use language to perform psychological functions\u2014including expressing and constituting emotions\u2014within social interactions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Emotionology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term coined by Peter Stearns and Carol Stearns to describe the collective emotional norms of a culture and how societies manage emotional expression.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Universal emotions theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory associated with Paul Ekman and rooted in Darwin, suggesting that certain emotions (e.g. anger, fear, happiness) are biologically hardwired and universally recognised.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ethnography<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A method of anthropological research involving deep immersion in a culture&#8217;s everyday life, used by Catherine Lutz to study emotions in context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Speech act<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An utterance that performs an action (e.g. &#8216;I&#8217;m sorry&#8217;, &#8216;I&#8217;m afraid&#8217;); important in discursive psychology for understanding how emotions are enacted through language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Unnatural emotions<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Title of Catherine Lutz&#8217;s 1988 book; it challenges the assumption that emotions are natural, arguing they are shaped by cultural and moral systems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3011 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 27 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Discourse<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A system of language and social practices that shapes how we understand and organise the world; in psychology, discourse refers to the ways talk and text construct psychological realities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Discursive Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach that treats psychological concepts as socially enacted through language rather than as internal mental states; it studies how talk and text perform actions like justifying, blaming, or constructing identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Language Games<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Ludwig Wittgenstein to describe how words derive their meaning from use in specific social contexts and practices, rather than from fixed definitions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Form of Life<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Wittgenstein&#8217;s term for the broader cultural and social practices within which language games are played and made meaningful.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power\/Knowledge<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term from Michel Foucault emphasising that knowledge is never neutral, but is always entangled with power relations that determine what can be said, by whom, and with what effect.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Empiricism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An epistemological stance that views knowledge as arising from sensory experience and observation, often associated with measurement and objectivity in psychology.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Interpretivism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An epistemological position that sees knowledge as constructed and context-bound, requiring interpretation of meaning rather than discovery of universal facts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ontology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being or reality; in psychology, it concerns what kinds of things are assumed to exist, such as &#8216;traits&#8217; or &#8216;attitudes&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The study of knowledge: how we know what we know, how knowledge is produced, and what counts as valid understanding.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Critical Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A field that challenges the assumptions of mainstream psychology, focusing on issues of power, ideology, and social justice in psychological theory and practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Prejudice (Discursive Approach)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Not a fixed internal attitude but a social action performed in talk, often managed through strategies of denial, justification, or identity positioning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Subjectivity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term used to describe how people come to understand and experience themselves, especially as shaped by discourse, power, and social context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3010 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 26 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sociobiology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A field of study that emerged in the 1970s, associated primarily with Edward O. Wilson, which seeks to explain social behaviour in all species, including humans, through evolutionary theory and genetic selection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Evolutionary Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A branch of psychology that emerged from sociobiology in the 1990s, proposing that the human mind consists of evolved psychological mechanisms adapted to solve problems faced by our ancestors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Critical Thinking Tool: Fantasy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Adapted from the work of Slavoj \u017di\u017eek, fantasy is used in this chapter to describe the ideological stories we unconsciously tell ourselves to make sense of the world, especially when confronted with scientific uncertainty or contradiction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Biological Determinism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that human behaviour is primarily or exclusively the result of biological factors such as genetics or evolutionary heritage, often criticised for ignoring cultural, historical, and political influences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sexual Selection<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept in evolutionary theory, introduced by Charles Darwin, referring to the process by which certain traits become more or less common depending on an individual&#8217;s success in mating and reproduction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Kin Selection<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An evolutionary theory which suggests that behaviours that help genetic relatives survive and reproduce can be favoured by natural selection, even if they reduce the individual&#8217;s own reproductive success.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Inclusive Fitness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A refinement of natural selection theory that accounts for an individual&#8217;s genetic success through both direct reproduction and the support of relatives&#8217; reproductive success.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Modularity of Mind<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea, central to some strands of evolutionary psychology, that the human brain is composed of specialised &#8216;modules&#8217;, each evolved to handle specific adaptive tasks such as mate choice or language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Gender Essentialism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that men and women possess fixed, biologically determined traits and roles, often challenged by feminist critics as a cultural construction disguised as scientific fact.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ideology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In this chapter, ideology refers to the systems of belief that shape what we accept as &#8216;natural&#8217; or &#8216;scientific&#8217;\u2014often masking power relations and reinforcing dominant cultural norms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Reification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of treating abstract concepts or theories (such as &#8216;human nature&#8217;) as if they were concrete, unchangeable facts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Popular Science<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The dissemination of scientific ideas to general audiences, often simplified or exaggerated, which can influence public understanding and reinforce cultural narratives.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3009 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 25 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Community Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A branch of psychology focused on understanding individuals within their social, cultural, economic, and environmental contexts, often aiming at promoting social change and justice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Critical Consciousness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept rooted in Paulo Freire&#8217;s pedagogy, referring to the ability to perceive and challenge social, political, and economic oppression.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Liberation Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A framework developed in Latin America, particularly by Ignacio Mart\u00edn-Bar\u00f3, that aims to align psychological practice with the struggle for social justice and the empowerment of oppressed groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Participatory Action Research (PAR)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A collaborative research methodology that involves participants as co-researchers in identifying problems, collecting and analysing data, and implementing solutions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In community psychology, this refers to the dynamics of control, influence, and access within relationships and social structures, often examined in relation to oppression and marginalisation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Epistemology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The study of knowledge\u2014its sources, validity, and limits\u2014particularly relevant in community psychology for critiquing dominant ways of knowing and valuing lived experience.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ontological Politics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that different conceptions of reality shape, and are shaped by, social practices and institutions\u2014highlighting the political dimensions of psychological categories.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social Justice<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A foundational value in community psychology that advocates for the equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within a society.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Empowerment<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process through which individuals and communities gain control over their lives, critically reflecting on their situations and actively shaping their social environments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Marginalisation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The social process by which certain groups are pushed to the edges of society, limiting their access to resources, rights, and opportunities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Sociography<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A methodological approach that combines ethnography and quantitative data to provide a detailed portrait of a community, exemplified in the Marienthal study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Latent Functions of Employment<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Marie Jahoda&#8217;s concept referring to the hidden psychological benefits of employment, such as time structure, social contact, and identity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3007 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 23 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Allegory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A symbolic story in which the characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. In this chapter, social psychology experiments are read as allegories that reflect societal anxieties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Bystander Effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A social psychological theory suggesting that individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. It emerged in the wake of the (misreported) Kitty Genovese case.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Cold War<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A geopolitical period following World War II, marked by ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. It fostered widespread societal fears\u2014such as authoritarianism and conformity\u2014which shaped psychological research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Conformity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours to group norms. In the context of this chapter, it features in Asch&#8217;s line judgement experiments and is explored for its cultural and symbolic significance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Critical Thinking Tool: Parable<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An interpretive device that helps students understand psychological experiments as symbolic stories with moral or ideological lessons. The chapter uses this tool to reframe classic studies in terms of their narrative power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ecological Validity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The extent to which research findings can be generalised to real-world settings. The chapter critiques the lack of ecological validity in many classic laboratory studies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Kitty Genovese<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A young woman whose 1964 murder in New York became a moral parable in psychology. The original story of public indifference was later shown to be largely false but profoundly influenced research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Milgram Experiment<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A study conducted by Stanley Milgram (1963) to test obedience to authority. This chapter examines the moral and cultural narrative the experiment came to symbolise during the Cold War era.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Myth<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A story or idea that expresses deep cultural beliefs and is widely accepted, often without scrutiny. In this chapter, psychological studies are examined as modern myths that shape public perception.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Narrative Psychology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach to psychology that focuses on how human beings make sense of their experiences through stories. This chapter invites readers to consider how experiments function as narrative devices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Obedience<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Compliance with an order, request, or law. In social psychology, often studied in the context of authority figures, as in Milgram&#8217;s experiments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Parable<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A simple story used to illustrate a moral or philosophical lesson. The chapter applies this concept to psychological experiments, arguing that they convey more than empirical results\u2014they tell cultural stories.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The ability to influence or control others, structures, or narratives. Explored in this chapter in relation to both the content of the experiments and the authority of psychological knowledge itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Replication Crisis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A recent controversy in psychology concerning the difficulty of replicating many foundational studies. This issue is linked in the chapter to the constructed, context-dependent nature of knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Symbolic Function<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The role that experiments play in conveying meaning beyond their data\u2014through narrative, metaphor, or parable. A key concept in understanding psychology as a cultural practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Zimbardo Experiment<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Also known as the Stanford Prison Experiment (1971), this study explored the psychological effects of perceived power. This chapter critiques it as a pre-scripted performance with enduring mythic power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3006 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 22 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Historical ontology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A way of thinking about how psychological categories are made real through historical, cultural, and scientific processes, rather than being discovered as natural facts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Moving targets<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A metaphor describing psychological categories as unstable and shifting over time, rather than fixed or permanent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ecological niche<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The specific historical, cultural, and institutional conditions that allow a psychological category to emerge, flourish, or disappear.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Looping effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Ian Hacking to describe how people classified under certain psychological categories begin to change in response to that classification, which then alters the category itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Fugue<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A once-recognised psychological condition involving compulsive wandering and amnesia, prominent in the late 19th century but now largely obsolete.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hysteria<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A now-discredited diagnosis, historically applied primarily to women, that included a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Neurasthenia<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A 19th-century diagnosis referring to nervous exhaustion caused by modern life, later replaced by more specific terms like anxiety and chronic fatigue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Drapetomania<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A fabricated psychological disorder used in the 19th century to pathologise the desire of enslaved people to escape captivity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Feeblemindedness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A historical label used to classify people with low intelligence, often tied to eugenics and social control.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A diagnosis involving the presence of distinct identities within a single individual, now largely replaced by Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychometrics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The field of psychology concerned with measuring mental traits such as intelligence and personality through standardised tests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Diagnosis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of identifying and naming a psychological condition, which can shape both the behaviour of individuals and how they are perceived.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In the context of psychology, the ability of experts and institutions to define, control, and legitimate what counts as &#8216;normal&#8217;, &#8216;mad&#8217;, or &#8216;disordered&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3005 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 21 &#8211; Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Historical ontology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A way of thinking about how psychological categories are made real through historical, cultural, and scientific processes, rather than being discovered as natural facts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Moving targets<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A metaphor describing psychological categories as unstable and shifting over time, rather than fixed or permanent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ecological niche<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The specific historical, cultural, and institutional conditions that allow a psychological category to emerge, flourish, or disappear.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Looping effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A concept developed by Ian Hacking to describe how people classified under certain psychological categories begin to change in response to that classification, which then alters the category itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Fugue<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A once-recognised psychological condition involving compulsive wandering and amnesia, prominent in the late 19th century but now largely obsolete.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hysteria<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A now-discredited diagnosis, historically applied primarily to women, that included a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Neurasthenia<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A 19th-century diagnosis referring to nervous exhaustion caused by modern life, later replaced by more specific terms like anxiety and chronic fatigue.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Drapetomania<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A fabricated psychological disorder used in the 19th century to pathologise the desire of enslaved people to escape captivity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Feeblemindedness<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A historical label used to classify people with low intelligence, often tied to eugenics and social control.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A diagnosis involving the presence of distinct identities within a single individual, now largely replaced by Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Psychometrics<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The field of psychology concerned with measuring mental traits such as intelligence and personality through standardised tests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Diagnosis<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The process of identifying and naming a psychological condition, which can shape both the behaviour of individuals and how they are perceived.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Power<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>In the context of psychology, the ability of experts and institutions to define, control, and legitimate what counts as &#8216;normal&#8217;, &#8216;mad&#8217;, or &#8216;disordered&#8217;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"wp-block-post post-3077 content type-content status-publish format-standard hentry content-type-content parent-book-48 resource-type-flashcards\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-post-title\">Chapter 31 \u2013 Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-post-content-is-layout-54d22900 wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Attachment Theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A psychological model originating with John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth that explains how early relationships with caregivers shape expectations and behaviours in adult romantic relationships.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Bauman, Zygmunt<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A sociologist known for coining the concepts of &#8216;solid modernity&#8217; and &#8216;liquid modernity&#8217;, which are used in this chapter as a critical framework to examine shifts in romantic love.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ghosting<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The act of suddenly and without explanation withdrawing from all communication in a romantic or dating context, leaving the other party without closure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Liquid Love<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term derived from Bauman&#8217;s &#8216;liquid modernity&#8217; to describe contemporary romantic relationships marked by fluidity, impermanence, and a retreat from long-term commitment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Prolix Lexicon<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term used in this chapter to describe the sprawling and ever-expanding vocabulary generated by users of digital dating platforms to name and make sense of fleeting or painful romantic experiences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Romantic Ideal<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A cultural and historical notion of love grounded in courtship, exclusivity, and emotional transcendence, often symbolised by medieval or Victorian conceptions of honour and devotion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Situationship<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A modern, undefined romantic or sexual relationship that lacks the formal status or clear boundaries of traditional relationships, often used to describe the liminal space between casual and committed connection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Solid Love<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A term used in contrast to &#8216;liquid love&#8217; to describe romantic relationships rooted in long-term commitment, stability, and institutional norms such as marriage and monogamy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Westermarck Effect<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theory proposed by Edward Westermarck suggesting that individuals raised closely together during early childhood develop a natural aversion to sexual attraction toward one another, supporting incest avoidance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Zombied<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A contemporary dating term referring to someone who reappears in a romantic context after having previously ghosted their partner, as if rising from the dead.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n 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