{"id":96,"date":"2024-08-01T19:59:30","date_gmt":"2024-08-01T19:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/?p=96"},"modified":"2026-08-26T13:17:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T13:17:07","slug":"chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2: Religious Symbols"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h2 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">Chapter 2: Religious Symbols<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-element-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7387b849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-chapter-summary\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chapter Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video height=\"1080\" style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1080;\" width=\"1920\" controls src=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Chapter-2-Summary.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-theories-of-anthropology-quiz\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Religious Headwear&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click on the drop downs below to find out more about different types of religious headwear<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"accordionGroup\" class=\"accordion-isr\">\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-0\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-0\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Catholic Veil                <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-0\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-552 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/08\/Figure2-1-218x300.jpg\" alt=\"Catholic Veil\" width=\"218\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-1-218x300.jpg 218w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-1-743x1024.jpg 743w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-1-768x1058.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-1-1115x1536.jpg 1115w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-1-1486x2048.jpg 1486w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-1-scaled.jpg 1858w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 218px) 100vw, 218px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178707892 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178707892 BCX0\">Catholic nuns traditionally wear veils as a physical symbol that they are set apart and under God; different Catholic religious orders wear different <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW178707892 BCX0\">colors<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178707892 BCX0\"> of veils; here, Mother Teresa wears the veil of the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178707892 BCX0\">Sisters<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178707892 BCX0\"> of Charity.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW178707892 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-1\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-1\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Catholic Zucchetto                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-1\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-555 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/08\/Figure2-2-238x300.jpg\" alt=\"2014 Pastoral Visit of Pope Francis to Korea\" width=\"238\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-2-238x300.jpg 238w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-2-811x1024.jpg 811w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-2-768x970.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-2-1216x1536.jpg 1216w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-2.jpg 1297w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 238px) 100vw, 238px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133614697 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133614697 BCX0\">Called a zucchetto, the Catholic skull cap is worn by Catholic clergy. It originated as a way of keeping the head warm after shaving their heads as a sign of celibacy. It is now worn as a symbol of clergy <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW133614697 BCX0\">and also<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133614697 BCX0\"> to protect other headgear that may or may not be worn on top of it. Here, Pope Francis wears a white zucchetto, symbolizing the Papacy.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW133614697 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-2\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-2\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Catholic Miter                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-2\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-556 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/08\/Figure2-3-210x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"210\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-3-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-3-716x1024.jpg 716w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-3-768x1099.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-3.jpg 1040w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 210px) 100vw, 210px\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\">The <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW210014362 BCX0\">miter<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\"> (also spelled mitre) is a two-sided stiff shield-shaped head covering, sometimes also called the \u201cpope\u2019s hat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\">\u201d.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\"> It is used to mark a clergy\u2019s high rank and is used by Catholics, as well as Anglicans and Lutherans. Here, Pope Francis wears a papal <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW210014362 BCX0\">miter<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210014362 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210014362 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-3\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-3\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Jewish Yarmulke                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-3\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-557 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/08\/Figure2-4-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Jewish Yarmulke \" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-4-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-4-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-4-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-4-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-4-1366x2048.jpg 1366w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-4-scaled.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW222171847 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222171847 BCX0\">The Jewish yarmulke is also known as kippah, skullcap, or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW222171847 BCX0\">koppel<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222171847 BCX0\">. It is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW222171847 BCX0\">worn by all Jewish men during religious services and by some Jewish groups at all times<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222171847 BCX0\">. From the time of their first haircut, young boys may begin wearing the skullcap. It symbolizes reverence and humility before Yahweh, God <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW222171847 BCX0\">and also<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222171847 BCX0\">identifies<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222171847 BCX0\"> the wearer as Jewish. Here, Jewish scholar Yehuda Berg wears a yarmulke.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222171847 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-4\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-4\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Jewish Orthodox Shtreimel                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-4\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-558 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/08\/Figure2-5-294x300.jpg\" alt=\"Jewish Orthodox Shtreimel \" width=\"294\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-5-294x300.jpg 294w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-5.jpg 650w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\">Orthodox Jews, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\">frequently<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\">\u202fassociated with Ashkenazim heritage in Europe, may wear a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW36130138 BCX0\">shtreimel<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\">, a large fur hat as a means of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\">identifying<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\"> themselves. This symbolizes their ancestry and group adherence to the Hasidic sect of Judaism. This would be worn on top of the yarmulke. Not all Hasidic Jews, though, wear <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW36130138 BCX0\">shtreimels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\">; some wear<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36130138 BCX0\"> fedoras. <\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-5\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-5\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Islamic Hijab                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-5\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-559 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/08\/Figure2-7-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Islamic Hijab \" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-7-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-7-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-7-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-7-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-7-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-7-2048x2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16321204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16321204 BCX0\">Many Muslim women wear a hijab, a scarf-like head covering which symbolizes a woman&#8217;s femininity, modesty, and adherence to Islamic morals. The hijab can be worn and tied in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16321204 BCX0\">various ways<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16321204 BCX0\"> to communicate. Here, Malala Yousafzai, a women&#8217;s education activist from Pakistan, wears her hijab.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW16321204 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-6\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-6\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                Islamic Turban                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater6aaa171077e79-6\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-560 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/08\/Figure2-8-282x300.jpg\" alt=\"Islamic Turban \" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-8-282x300.jpg 282w, https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/19\/Figure2-8.jpg 751w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96923853 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96923853 BCX0\">The Islamic turban,<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96923853 BCX0\">also called a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96923853 BCX0\">taqiyah<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96923853 BCX0\"> or prayer cap, varies across cultures but, in general, it is a head covering for Islamic men which serves as a symbol of dignity and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW96923853 BCX0\">honor<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96923853 BCX0\">. Here, American Islamic scholar and civil rights activist (Imam) Omar Suleiman, wears an Islamic turban. It is believed that the Prophet Muhammed wore a head covering as well, so it is considered commendable to emulate him.\u202f<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW96923853 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n<\/div><!--end panel group-->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-border-color has-contrast-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fae6dc3d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-problem-solving-challenges\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Multiple Choice Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"2\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"2\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 2\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"2\":{\"id\":\"2\",\"quizID\":\"2\",\"pagekey\":\"AhIyVoWv\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"0\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":\"\",\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\",\"empty_grid_radio_checkbox_text\":\"Please complete all  rows required fields!\",\"empty_audio_text\":\"Please upload audio!\"},\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-2 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz  quiz_theme_default random '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm2\" id=\"quizForm2\" action=\"\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_2\" value=\"2944ce842b\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_2\" value=\"6aaa171087be2\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"qsm-page \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-6 \" data-qid=\"6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>When anthropologists identify symbols as being arbitrary, what does that mean? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question6-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question6\" id=\"question6_1\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question6_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tit is fictional and does not exist\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question6-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question6\" id=\"question6_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question6_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tthe symbol has meaning \"voices\" and many meanings\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question6-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question6\" id=\"question6_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question6_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tit has no meaning at all and is completely random\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question6-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question6\" id=\"question6_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question6_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tthe meaning is not naturally connected to the symbolic emblem\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question6-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question6\" id=\"question6_5\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question6_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tthe symbol changes very quickly and is never stable and fixed\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question6_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question6\" id=\"question6_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_6\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-7 \" data-qid=\"7\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following is not a good example of a symbol? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question7-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question7\" id=\"question7_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question7_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\ttears shed during a ritual\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question7-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question7\" id=\"question7_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question7_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tspecific prescribed clothing\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question7-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question7\" id=\"question7_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question7_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\treligious doctrines\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question7-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question7\" id=\"question7_4\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question7_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\treligious artifacts\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question7-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question7\" id=\"question7_5\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question7_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\ttraditional music and hymnody\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question7_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question7\" id=\"question7_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_7\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-8 \" data-qid=\"8\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What forms of Maya architecture most commonly indicate sacred space? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question8-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question8\" id=\"question8_1\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question8_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tagricultural fields\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question8-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question8\" id=\"question8_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question8_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tmonuments\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question8-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question8\" id=\"question8_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question8_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tgrid layouts with plazas\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question8-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question8\" id=\"question8_4\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question8_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tgovernment buildings\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question8-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question8\" id=\"question8_5\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question8_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tlandscape architecture\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question8_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question8\" id=\"question8_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_8\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-9 \" data-qid=\"9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Using the Maya numbering system as presented in the Long Count calendar covered in the chapter, what number is represented by two long bars? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question9-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question9\" id=\"question9_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question9_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t0\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question9-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question9\" id=\"question9_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question9_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t50\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question9-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question9\" id=\"question9_3\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question9_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1000\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question9-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question9\" id=\"question9_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question9_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t10\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question9-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question9\" id=\"question9_5\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question9_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t100\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question9_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question9\" id=\"question9_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_9\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-10 \" data-qid=\"10\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Periodic rituals shift in dates from one year to the next. Why does this occur? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question10-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question10\" id=\"question10_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question10_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tit coordinates secular and sacred rituals\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question10-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question10\" id=\"question10_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question10_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tit allows rituals to be performed in every season\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question10-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question10\" id=\"question10_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question10_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tit keeps rituals in an annual sequence\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question10-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question10\" id=\"question10_4\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question10_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tit allows religious institutions to operate on a different calendrical system\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question10-5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question10\" id=\"question10_5\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question10_5\">\n\t\t\t\t\tit coordinates different calendrical systems\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question10_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question10\" id=\"question10_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_10\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"5\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"5\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"quiz_answer_random_ids\" id=\"quiz_answer_random_ids_2\" value=\"a:5:{i:6;a:5:{i:0;i:4;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:0;i:4;i:2;}i:7;a:5:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:4;i:4;i:3;}i:8;a:5:{i:0;i:3;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:2;i:3;i:1;i:4;i:4;}i:9;a:5:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:4;i:3;i:0;i:4;i:3;}i:10;a:5:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:3;i:3;i:4;i:4;i:0;}}\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time's up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-videos\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Case Studies&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sacred space is important to all religious. In this case study you will be examining diverse religious spaces. <strong>Do these spaces share any characteristics that make them <\/strong><strong><em>sacred<\/em><\/strong><strong>? How are they different from each other? What colors are predominant in these spaces? What religious symbols do you notice?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Buddhism\/Gangaramaya Temple: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.p4panorama.com\/panos\/gangaramaya-temple-colombo-360-degree-virtual-reality-tour\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.p4panorama.com\/panos\/gangaramaya-temple-colombo-360-degree-virtual-reality-tour\/<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Islam\/Blue Mosque: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.3dmekanlar.com\/en\/blue-mosque.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.3dmekanlar.com\/en\/blue-mosque.html<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Catholicism\/Sistine Chapel: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.360cities.net\/image\/the-sistine-chapel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.360cities.net\/image\/the-sistine-chapel<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hinduism\/Hindu Temple (Varanasi): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VkZECPdl4wI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VkZECPdl4wI<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-border-color has-contrast-border-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;background-color:#fae6dc3d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-additional-learning-activities\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Study Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Choose a religious symbol with which you are familiar and describe its meaning. How is it arbitrary and multivocal? Would someone who is not familiar with the religious system understand the meanings of this symbol?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why do calendrics matter? How does the division of time affect a community? Identify and describe two periodic rituals (religious or secular) that occur within your community.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Symbolism plays a role throughout the course of our lives. Take an opportunity to visit a local cemetery. What forms of religious symbolism can you find?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Color has meaning in all cultures. What are some of the social rules that determine the use of color in our society (e.g., a bride wears white, or never wear white after Labor Day)? Interview someone of another generation and see if they know the same social rules or different ones.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Many American sports organizations (professional and amateur) are identified with particular animals. For example, colleges and professional football teams are often associated with a mascot, usually some kind of animal. Why are those particular animals used and not others? When you go to a football or baseball game, what ritual activities revolve around the mascot animal? How does this differ from an Australian totem?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"6\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Religious music is important across cultures. Visit the generic website at <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religious_music\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religious_music<\/a> and read more about diverse types of religious music, then choose one that is new to you and interests you and explore it in more depth. How is this different from music you might traditionally hear in a religious service with which you are familiar?&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"7\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Do an analysis of a sacred space using either the three criteria of Mircea Eliade (threshold, axis mundi, imago mundi) or the phenomenological approach of Thomas Tweed (that the use of the space evokes its sacred meaning). Explain why and how this space is sacred.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 id=\"aioseo-further-reading-video-links\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further Reading &amp; Video Links&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Suggested Readings <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aas, Lars Reinholt.<em>The Rock Carvings of Taru Thang: The Mountain Goat \u2013 A Religious and Social Symbol of the Dardic Speaking People of the trans-Himalayas<\/em> (Berlin: Verlag, 2009). Ethnographic study of the symbolism of ancient rock carvings in India.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bado-Fralick, Nikki and Rebecca Sachs Norris. <em>Toying with God: The World of Religious Games and Dolls<\/em> (Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2010). An examination of religious games\/dolls and blending of religious symbols with popular culture.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dresser, Norine. <em>Multicultural Celebrations<\/em> (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999). Explanations of etiquette for celebrations in various ethnic traditions in the United States.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liungman, Carl G. <em>Dictionary of Symbols<\/em> (New York: Norton, 1991). An excellent reference book on religious symbols.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obeyesekere, Gananath. <em>Medusa\u2019s Hair: An Essay of Personal Symbols and Religious Experience<\/em> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984). A psychological anthropologist examines the use of symbols by Sri Lankan ascetics.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1994. <em>Rice as Self: Japanese Identities through Time<\/em> (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pallasmaa, Juhani. <em>The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses.<\/em> (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley &amp; Sons, 2012). Finnish architect examines the symbolism of space and how humans create meaning.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stuart, David. <em>The Order of Days. The Maya World and the Truth about 2012<\/em> (New York: Harmony Books, 2001). Noted Mayanist examines Maya astronomy, mathematics, and calendrics to debunk apocalyptic interpretations of December 21, 2012.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Suggested Websites <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">360\/Architectural Sites: the following offer an opportunity to view religious sites in a 360 panoramic views: Lascaux Cave: <a href=\"https:\/\/archeologie.culture.gouv.fr\/lascaux\/en\/visit-cave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/archeologie.culture.gouv.fr\/lascaux\/en\/visit-cave<\/a>; Blue Mosque: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.3dmekanlar.com\/en\/blue-mosque.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.3dmekanlar.com\/en\/blue-mosque.html<\/a>; Sistine Chapel: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.360cities.net\/image\/the-sistine-chapel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.360cities.net\/image\/the-sistine-chapel<\/a>; Hindu Temple (Varanasi): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VkZECPdl4wI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VkZECPdl4wI<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cem.va.gov\/hmm\/emblems.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.cem.va.gov\/hmm\/emblems.asp<\/a> (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs- available emblems of belief for placement on government headstones and markers)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.webexhibits.org\/calendars\/calendar.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.webexhibits.org\/calendars\/calendar.html<\/a> (web exhibit of calendars through the ages, including the Maya Calendar)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mayacalendar.com\/mayacalendar.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.mayacalendar.com\/mayacalendar.html<\/a> (Maya World Studies Center)&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/guides.lib.washington.edu\/ethnomusicology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/guides.lib.washington.edu\/ethnomusicology<\/a> (a list of ethnomusicology websites from the University of Washington)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.folkways.si.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">www.folkways.si.edu\/<\/a> (Smithsonian Folkways \u2013 music)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sounds.bl.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/sounds.bl.uk\/<\/a> (British Library Sounds Website)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Suggested Video<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Cross and the Bodhi Tree: Two Christian Encounters with Buddhism<\/em>, Filmmakers Library, 2001 \u2013 a French Catholic priests and an English Protestant nun discuss the profound influences Buddhism has had on their faith lives&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Veil Unveiled<\/em>, Royal Anthropological Institute, 2004 \u2013 focusing on a small group of women in Yemen, this film examines the deep symbolism associated with wearing \u201cthe veil\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Fashioning Religion<\/em>, French Connection Films, KTO, 2017 \u2013 an in-depth look at fabric, religious attire, and symbolism \u2013 and the ways that liturgy interacts with art&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>D\u2019vekut: Hasidism &amp; Jewish Mysticism<\/em>, Filmmakers Library, 2000 \u2013 Jewish mysticism is founded on religious symbolism; this film covers several Hasidic sects and includes personal interviews&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Taksu: Music in the Life of Bali<\/em>, Berkeley Media, 1991 \u2013 \u201ctaksu\u201d is a focus on the\u202fspiritual power found in music, instruments, costumes, and dance in Bali&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-background-color has-background is-horizontal is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-5f160d8a wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<nav aria-label=\"Table of Contents\" class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents\"><ol><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-chapter-summary\">Chapter Summary<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-theories-of-anthropology-quiz\">Religious Headwear\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-problem-solving-challenges\">Multiple Choice Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-videos\">Case Studies\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-additional-learning-activities\">Study Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"wp-block-table-of-contents__entry\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/#aioseo-further-reading-video-links\">Further Reading &amp; Video Links\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter Summary Religious Headwear&nbsp;&nbsp; Click on the drop downs below to find out more about different types of religious headwear Multiple Choice Questions Case Studies&nbsp; Sacred space is important to all religious. In this case study you will be examining diverse religious spaces. Do these spaces share any characteristics that make them sacred? How are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"no-title","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chapter Summary Religious Headwear Click on the drop downs below to find out more about different types of religious headwear Multiple Choice Questions Case Studies Sacred space is important to all religious. In this case study you will be examining diverse religious spaces. Do these spaces share any characteristics that make them sacred? How are\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/anthreligionmagicwitchcraft\/chapter-2\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO Pro (AIOSEO) 5.0.1.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft - 5th Edition\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chapter 2: Religious Symbols - The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chapter Summary Religious Headwear Click on the drop downs below to find out more about different types of religious headwear Multiple Choice Questions Case Studies Sacred space is important to all religious. In this case study you will be examining diverse religious spaces. 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