{"id":96,"date":"2025-07-09T15:34:36","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T15:34:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/americangovernment\/?p=96"},"modified":"2025-08-11T21:43:36","modified_gmt":"2025-08-11T21:43:36","slug":"chapter-11","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/routledgelearning.com\/americangovernment\/chapter-11\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 11"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\n

This chapter has detailed the nature and role of the federal bureaucracy across time in the United States. After attention was given to the contrasting notions of patronage vs. merit-based systems of bureaucratic administration, the four successive stages of the American bureaucratic state were discussed. These stages included initiation of the bureaucratic establishment in the three nascent cabinet Departments of State, Treasury, and War; the employment of the bureaucracy to promote economic development; the development of the government as a regulator of the macro-economy; and the employment of the government as a disseminator of wealth and opportunity through social programs\u2019 creation and later expansion under FDR and LBJ as well as their restriction and decrease under Reagan and Clinton. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then we covered the structure of the bureaucracy as cabinet departments, regulatory commissions and agencies, as well as government corporations, boards, and commissions. Bureaucratic policy making was addressed according to its three-pronged process of rulemaking, administrative adjudication, and implementation phases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, methods of presidential and congressional bureaucratic control were portrayed through devices such as appointment and oversight. Also, judicial and even citizen oversights were looked at as further checks on bureaucratic intransigence and maintaining transparency over the policy implementation process as conducted by the federal bureaucracy. The chapter ended with an exemplifying case, the creation, early development, and problems of the Bush administration\u2019s Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as a direct response to the 9\/11 tragedy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

Quizzes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n